Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

Introduction to Pharmacology Presented By: Dr Mohammad Jaffar, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Program, BMC, Jeddah  General Pharmacology Pharmacon (Active ingredient) + Logos (Discourse) = Pharmacology Disease and search for its cure are equally old and evolved with the mankind itse...

Introduction to Pharmacology Presented By: Dr Mohammad Jaffar, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Program, BMC, Jeddah  General Pharmacology Pharmacon (Active ingredient) + Logos (Discourse) = Pharmacology Disease and search for its cure are equally old and evolved with the mankind itself Indians, Chinese, Egyptians, Babylonians, Arabs, Greeks were all searching for the perfect cure in this world Hippocrates, (450 B.C) a greek physician lay- down the roots of the modern day medicine  During the early times the treatments were made with the flesh, blood and excreta of animals along with plant and metal preparations James Gregory (1753 – 1821) was responsible for developing the symptomatic treatment for curing the diseases with disastrous outcomes such treatment are called Allopathy (Other suffering)  Pharmacology is a recently developed science with the efforts of many eminent Pharmacologists like….. Experimental procedures in pharmacology was developed by Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard Spectacular developments in Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Physiology, Patho-physiology and Organic Chemistry were add-ons to the development of the Pharmacology Drug is derived from Drogue meaning Herb.  As per WHO a drug is defined as “Any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefits of the recipient” Pharmacology is the study of drugs, particularly their actions on animals, organs and tissues. The actions may be beneficial or harmful.  Medication: is a substance administered for diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation or prevention. Prescription: the written direction for the preparation and the administration of the drug. The therapeutic effect: is the primary effect intended that is the reason the drug is prescribed such as morphine sulfate is analgesia. Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is one that unintended, side effects are usually predictable and may be either harmless  Pharmacy is the science of identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding, and dispensing of medicinal substances. Clinical Pharmacy involves the cooperation of the pharmacist with the physician in educating the patient about the compliances and counselling them on how to take the medication in monitoring for errors in drug therapy Pharmacokinetics the study of the absorption, Distribution, metabolism, and Excretion of drugs, and their relation with pharmacologic response (What the body does to the drug)  Pharmacodynamics a quantitative study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs (What the drug does to the body), such studies elucidate the mechanism of actions of drugs Therapeutics which means to care for, to tend to or provide and is a branch of medicine concerned with the cure of disease or relief of symptoms. It includes drug treatment Toxicology the science of poisons which includes detection and measurement of poisons as well as treatment of poisoning  Poisons are substances that cause harmful, dangerous or fatal symptoms in animals or human beings. Many drugs in large doses acts as poisons. Chemotherapy concerned with the effect of drugs upon micro-organisms and parasites, living and multiplying in a living organism. It now includes the drug treatment of cancer as well Pharmacoepidemiology the study of use and effect of drugs in large number of people. It helps to gain further insight in to the efficiency and safety of new drugs. Such studies are Observational, Case-Control and Cohort studies  Pharmacoeconomics the analysis of the cost of drug therapy to the health care system and the society Pharmacovigilance the process of identifying and responding to the issues of drug safety through the detection of drug effects usually adverse drug reactions (ADR) Pharmacogenetics the study of inherited variation mediated through single gene, in drug metabolism and response in humans  Pharmacogenomics the science that examines the heritable variations in genes that dictate the drug response of humans, microbes, and tumors, and explores the ways these variations can be used to predict weather a patient will have a good response to a drug, a bad response or no response. This may help in development of more target specific and safer drugs.  Pharmacopoeia an official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medicinal preparations with descriptions of their physical properties and test for their identity, purity, and potency. Pharmacopoeia defines the standards which these preparations must meet, and may mention average doses for an adult Ex: Indian Pharmacopoeia, US Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia  Formulary provides to the subscriber information about the available drugs, based on original and reputed drug information sources as well as experts recommendations. WHO model formulary serves as a example for countries to develop their own national formularies British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) is published by the royal pharmaceutical society of Britain Martindale the extra Pharmacopoeia is a voluminous database, published by the pharmaceutical press by direction of the council of the royal pharmaceutical society of the Britain, it aims to provide unbiased, concise reports on the actions and uses of most of the worlds medicines  The therapeutic effect: is the primary effect intended that is the reason the drug is prescribed such as morphine sulfate is analgesia. Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is one that unintended, side effects are usually predictable and may be either harmless  Drug toxicity: deleterious effect of the drug on an organism or tissue, result from overdose or external use. Drug allergy: is immunological reaction or hypersensitive reaction to a drug. Ex: Penicillin drug hypersensitivity.  Drug interaction: occur when administration of one drug before or after alter effect of one or both drug. Ex: Caffeine + Alprazolam = No effect Tetracycline + Calcium = No effect Drug misuse: Is the improper use of common medications in way that lead to acute and chronic toxicity for example laxative, antacid and vitamins. Ex: Vitamin B Complex are the most abused drug in the world  Drug abuse: is an inappropriate intake of substance either continually or periodically. Ex: Alcohol is the most abused drug in the whole world Drug dependence: is a persons reliance on or need to take drug or substance there are two type of dependence:  Physiological dependence: is due to biochemical changes in the body tissue these tissue come to require substance for normal function. Ex: Drug addiction towards Morphine, Amphetamine Psychological dependence: is emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a since of wellbeing accompanied feeling of need. Ex: Smoking of cigarretes Drug Tolerance: is due to biochemical changes in the body tissue these tissue come to require substance for normal function with daily increase in the dose of the drug. Ex: Marijuana usage may cause drug tolerance in humans  Drug habituation: denotes a mild form of psychological dependence. Ex: habituation to Coca leaves, Cigarette and hookah smoking etc Illicit drug: also called street drug are those sold illegally. Ex: Amphetamine, Cocaine,  Names of Drugs The generic name: is given for the drug to being official name. The official name: is the name under which its listed in one in the official publication. The chemical name: is the name by which the chemist knows it. The trade mark or brand name (proprietary name) : is name given by the drug manufacture Example: hydrochlorothiazide (official name). Esidrex (brand name)  The Nature and Sources of the drugs The various sources of the drugs are; 1) Mineral source: Liquid Paraffin, Magnesium Sulphate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Kaolin 2) Animal source: Insulin, Thyroid extract, Heparin, Gonadotropins, Anti toxic sera 3) Plant source: Morphine, Digoxin, Quinine, Atropine, Reserpine 4) Micro-organisms source: Antibiotics like Penicillin, Polymixin B 5) Synthetic source: Analgesics, Hypnotics, Anticancer agents and antimicrobials 6) Genetic engineering: Insulin and growth hormone, Genes 7) Hybridoma Technique: Monoclonal Antibodies Majority of the drugs currently used in the therapeutics are either synthetic or semi-synthetics substances  Gene based therapy: the developments in biotechnology, including recombinant DNA technology, have made it possible to synthesise short nucleotide sequences (genes). Stem cell therapy: Isolation and trans-differentiation of stem cells (Embryonic or adult Pluripotent cells) recently have been used as a therapeutic approach for regeneration and proliferation of functional cells in the body  Class work - Practice Discuss Drug interactions and Drug abuse. What are various sources of drugs. Explain psychological drug dependence. Thank You