Medical Pharmacology PDF

Medical Pharmacology: Focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases using drugs. Clinical Pharmacology: Investigates interactions between drugs, including their interactions with food and the effects of different administration routes. It also studies unwanted effects of medicatio...

Medical Pharmacology: Focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases using drugs. Clinical Pharmacology: Investigates interactions between drugs, including their interactions with food and the effects of different administration routes. It also studies unwanted effects of medications. Toxicology: Analyzes the adverse effects and potential toxicity of drugs. Pharmaceutical Pharmacology: Concentrates on the synthesis and formulation of drugs. Pharmacogenetics: Examines how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs and their metabolism. Experimental Pharmacology: Tests drug activity and metabolism through experimentation, often using animal models. Core Pharmacological Concepts 1. Pharmacokinetics: Describes the journey of a drug from administration to its target site and its eventual elimination from the body. The three primary processes are: - Input: Absorption and administration - Distribution: Spread through the body - Elimination: Removal from the body 2. Pharmacodynamics: Explores the effects of a drug after it reaches its target site, including the mechanisms of action. 3. Dose-Effect Relationship: This relationship can be divided into: - Pharmacokinetics: The relationship between dose and concentration - Pharmacodynamics: The relationship between concentration and effect Sources of Drugs 1. Natural Sources: - Plants: - Glycosides: Example - *Digoxin* from foxglove plants (used for cardiac conditions). - Alkaloids: - *Morphine* from poppy capsules (pain relief). - *Atropine* from belladonna leaves (used for various medical conditions). - *Quinine* from cinchona bark (treatment for malaria). - Castor Oil: Derived from castor beans, used as a laxative and in other applications. - Animal Sources (for hormones): - *Heparin*: Sourced from the liver of oxen or pigs, used as an anticoagulant. - *Insulin*: Extracted from the pancreas, essential for blood sugar regulation. - *Thyroxine*: Obtained from thyroid glands, crucial for metabolic regulation. - *Gonadotropin*: Sourced from the urine of pregnant women, used in fertility treatments. - Microorganisms (antibiotics): - *Penicillin*: Derived from Penicillium notatum. - *Streptomycin*: Sourced from Streptomyces griseus. - *Bacitracin*: Obtained from Bacillus species. - Minerals: - *Paraffin*: Derived from petroleum, used in various pharmaceutical applications. 2. Semisynthetic Drugs: These drugs are created through chemical modifications of natural compounds, employing techniques such as substitution, insertion, and dilution. - *Ampicillin*: A modified form of penicillin, enhanced for greater efficacy. - *Cephalosporins*: Derived from cephalosporin, with structural modifications to improve activity and spectrum.