Pharmacology Past Paper PDF

B 98 Adgam Pharmacology 5. Which of the following statements about cholestyramine is not correct? a) It is a D2 receptor antagonist. b) Due to the potential for drug interactions, it should be taken at a different time from other required medications. c) One of its most common side effects is blo...

B 98 Adgam Pharmacology 5. Which of the following statements about cholestyramine is not correct? a) It is a D2 receptor antagonist. b) Due to the potential for drug interactions, it should be taken at a different time from other required medications. c) One of its most common side effects is bloating. d) It has a prokinetic effect and is used to increase gastrointestinal motility. e) Both a and d 6. What is the mechanism of action of erythromycin when used for its prokinetic effect? a) Agonist of motilin receptors b) Antagonist of neurokinin receptors c) Agonist of cannabinoid receptors d) Antagonist of D2 receptors e) Both b and d 7. What type of laxative is lactulose? a) Bulk forming laxative b) Stool surfactant agent c) Osmotic laxative d) Stimulant laxative 8. Which statement is not correct? 1) Metoclopramide is an antagonist of dopamine and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors. 2) Metoclopramide is used to relieve symptoms of GERD and non-peptic ulcer dyspepsia. 3) Promethazine is an anti-motion sickness drug. 4) Bismuth is an important drug for chemotherapy-induced nausea. **Epidemiology** 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a household source epidemic? a) Slow course b) High morbidity of children c) Rapidly increasing quantity of patients d) None of the above 2. Which of the following gastrointestinal organisms is transmitted through entering the bloodstream and then bodily secretions? a) Typhoid fever b) Shigellosis c) Botulism d) Staphylococcus 3. Which of the following gastrointestinal infections is a zoonosis? a) Leptospirosis b) Cholera c) Typhoid d) Shigellosis 4. Which source is more likely to cause gastrointestinal epidemics in the summer and autumn? a) Foodborne infection b) Household source infection c) Waterborne infection d) None of the above 6. What is the reason for the reduced incidence of esophageal cancer in China and high-income countries like the UK? a) Economic progress - reduced smoking 7. What is the most important risk factor for esophageal cancer in northern Iran? a) Betel quid chewing b) Very hot food and beverages c) Pickled vegetables d) Heavy alcohol consumption 8. Which provinces have the highest and lowest age-standardized incidence rates of esophageal cancer in Iran, respectively? a) Tehran, Ardabil b) Golestan, Kerman c) Fars, Bushehr d) Golestan, Gilan 9. In which Central and South Asian countries is gastric cancer among the top cancers in men? a) Iran, Afghanistan 10. Which provinces have the highest incidence rates of gastric cancer in men? a) West Azerbaijan and Ardabil 11. Which histopathologic type have the highest incidence rates of gastric cancer in men. A) Hodgkin lymphoma B) adenocarcinoma subtype intestinal C) adenocarcinoma subtype diffuse D) adenocarcinoma subtype carcinoma 12- Which one of the following is the most important risk factor for non-cardia gastric cancer? A) H.pylori infection B) Alcohol consumption C) Tobacco smoking D) Food preserved by salting Pathology 1- In the microscopic section of the rectum in a disease, ganglion cells are not seen in the tissue. Which statement is correct? It is more prevalent in boys. This disease is acquired and has no genetic role. The disease affects the right colon more frequently. Ganglion cells may be seen in the submucosal nerve plexus in this disease. 2- The patient with abdominal pain, villous atrophy of the duodenum, and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes: A) About half of the patients experience dermatitis herpetiformis. B) The patient has vitamin D absorption disorder and osteomalacia. C) It is prevalent in individuals with the HLA-DR2 gene. D) The patient has a chance of B cell lymphoma. 3- In the colon biopsy sample of a patient with bloody diarrhea, crypt destruction along with cryptitis and crypt abscesses are observed, limited to the mucosa. Which statement is correct? Deep ulcers along with fissures are common in this disease. Granulomas are seen in lymph nodes and lesions around the colon. Patients may experience functional abstraction and colon dilation. Lesions are more prevalent in the terminal ileum and cecum. 4- Serration is seen on the surface of the intestinal polyp in the microscopic section, but nuclear stratification and hyperchromasia are not observed. Which statement is correct? There is a chance of malignant transformation. The number and prevalence of these polyps increase with age. Decreased apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. DNA mismatch repair gene mutations can be seen. 5- In a 30-year-old patient with colon cancer in the family, a malignant mass in the cecum and her sister with endometrial adenocarcinoma: 1. Mutation in APC 2. Microsatellite instability 3. Thousands of polyps are present in the colon. 6. In the stool sample report, many RBCs and WBCs are seen. Which is less likely? 1. Viral 2. Bacillary 3. UC (Ulcerative Colitis) 4. Invasive E.coli enteritis 7. RBCs are seen in the microscopic sample but the guaiac test is negative. What factor causes this result? A) Red meat B) Vitamin C C) Beetroot D) Bleeding 8. In a patient with colon cancer, which symptom plays a more important role in prognosis? A) Number of mitoses B) Presence of necrosis C) Depth of tissue involvement D) Tumor grade 9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of herpes infection? A) Balloon cells B) Intracellular eosinophilic C) Perinuclear halo D) Multinucleated polykaryons 10. Which one is not a characteristic of achalasia? A) LES relaxation B) Increased LES tone C) Aperistalsis D) Functional obstruction 11. Choose the correct statement about Barrett's esophagus: Most patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma will be affected. Barrett's epithelium molecularly resembles normal epithelium. Endoscopy and biopsy are necessary for diagnosing Barrett's. Most cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are associated with Barrett's. 12. Choose the correct cause of gastric mucosal damage: Uremic patients experience mucosal damage due to circulation disorders. Individuals living at high altitudes experience damage due to hypoxemia. Older individuals experience damage due to epithelial regeneration disorders. NSAID use causes damage due to increased gastric acid secretion. 13. Where is Cushing's ulcer seen? Severe burn Severe trauma Severe shock Intracranial disease 14. In a person with mutations in DNA repair genes, how soon is the likely time for conversion of large intestine tissue to cancerous tissue? 1 5 10 15