Introduction to Health Promotion PDF

HSEH 3230 Health Promotion & Education  1. Introduction to Health Promotion 3 Opening questions How would you define health promotion and education? What examples of health promotion programs can you think of? Health “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being...

HSEH 3230 Health Promotion & Education  1. Introduction to Health Promotion 3 Opening questions How would you define health promotion and education? What examples of health promotion programs can you think of? Health “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” World Health Organization (1948). Summary Reports on Proceedings Minutes and Final Acts of the International Health Conference held in New York from 19 June to 22 July 1946, available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85573 Health health [helth]: a relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially and spiritually in order to express the full range of one’s unique potentialities within the environment in which one is living. In the words of René Dubos, “health is primarily a measure of each person’s ability to do and become what he wants to become.” The free dictionary (© 2003-2024). Holistic health. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/holis tic+health Health A common concept of health as a continuum ra nging from optimal wellness at one end to illne ss culminating in death at the other end. Environmental Health Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations. MacArthur, I. and Bonnefoy, X. (1998) Environmental Health Services in Europe 2 – Policy Options. WHO Environmental Health According to the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, “Environmental health encompasses all of the external factors that affect human health and wellbeing. This ranges from the air we breathe, the food we eat and the water we drink, to the wider impact of human-made hazards on the world around us.” https://www.cieh.org/what-is-environmental-health/ Environmental Health Poor health often results from poor environments, and by helping to improve the conditions in which we live and work, Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs) make a huge difference to the public’s health and wellbeing. The disciplines of Environmental Health: Environmental Protection Food Safety and Integrity Health and Safety (at work) Housing and Community Public Health Education education 1. variable noun Education involves teaching people various subjects, usually at a school or college, or being taught. They're cutting funds for education. … 2. uncountable noun Education of a particular kind involves teaching the public about a particular issue....better health education. Collins online dictionary https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/education Health Education The World Health Organization defines health education as “any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.” Because knowledge alone may not be powerful enough to motivate change, health education works to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and skills to positively influence health behaviors of individuals and communities. Baumann, L.C., Karel, A. (2013). Health Education. In: Gellman, M.D., Turner, J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005- 9_320 Health Education- Evidence in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles A 2020 study showed that “The educational intervention is effective in improving behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle and its dimensions. Therefore, performing educational interventions are suggested to adopt and adhere to behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle by utilizing and reinforcing perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, enabling factors, and attitudinal change.” Solhi M, Fard Azar FE, Abolghasemi J, Maheri M, Irandoost SF, Khalili S. The effect of educational intervention on health-promoting lifestyle: Intervention mapping approach (2020 Aug 31). J Educ Health Promot.; 9:196. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_768_19. PMID: 33062729; PMCID: PMC7530417. You are not expected to learn this definition. It is provided to indicate the sort of research that’s being done in this field. What do these pictures have in common? Health Education- Evidence in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Health education promotes a variety of learning experiences to facilitate voluntary action that is conducive to health. This facilitates: gaining new knowledge adjusting attitudes acquiring and practicing new skills and behaviors that could change health status (Fertman & Allensworth, 2016) Is health education enough? Does knowledge itself allow individuals to take healthy decisions? What determinants of health are NOT tackled by health education? Social, psychological, and political factors Therefore the need for a broader approach: Health Promotion Health Promotion v. Health Promotion Health promotion combines of two levels of action: (1) health education (2) environmental actions to support the conditions for healthy living Health Education Awareness-raising and changing attitudes  which helps individuals take decisions Education in forms of lectures, seminars, messages… Health Promotion “planned change of health –related lifestyles and life conditions through a variety of individual, interpersonal, and population-level changes”structured activities and events that help individuals make informed health choices (Educational aspect) promoting changes at the governmental and organizational levels Both help people make wise decisions about their health. O’Neill and Stirling, 2007 Health Promotion InteractionsHealth Promotion Planned change of health-related lifestyles and life conditions through a variety if individual and environmental changes Individual Population Level Level Behavior Choices Life Conditions Lifestyles Physical and Psychosocial environments Health Education Political Action Social Marketing Community Mass Communication Organization Community Development Improved Health and Well-being of Individuals, Families, Schools, Workplaces, Health Care O’Neill and Stirling, 2007 Organizations, and Communities Example: Adolescent Obesity Health Education: Health Promotion: school-based educational aspect awareness-raising programs legislation on food exercise classes advertising restricting access to unhealthy products in school shops and canteens (Laverack, 2014) Health Promotion: a framework proposed by Leavell and Clark Primary Promotion Intercept “cause” of illness before people are involved Strategy- identify health risks and strengthen healthy conditions Secondary Promotion Intercept people while engaged in the “cause” Strategy- reinforce healthy conditions, encourage reduction and detection Tertiary Promotion Intercept those living with illness due to the “cause” Strategy- improve quality of life to avoid deterioration A glimpse of History Components of Health Promotion Programs Health Education to Actions to Promotion: improve: Advocacy Health Knowledge Environmental Change Legislation Health Attitudes Policy Mandates Health Skills Resource Development Health Behavior Social Support Health Indicators Financial Support Health Status Community Development Organizational Development Settings for Health Promotion Programs As discussed the Jakarta Declaration gave importance to specific settings in relation with health determinants. A setting is a place or social context in which people engage in daily activities and in which environmental, organizational and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing (WHO, 1998). Examples: Schools Workplaces Healthcare Organizations Schools Schools, colleges, and universities are ideal sites for Health Promotion since you can reach K-12, adolescents and young adults effectively. Young people spend large portions of lives in schools. These institutions also have a large adult community serving as faculty and support staff. Workplaces Anywhere that people are employed, ranging from industries to government offices… Employers have found that it makes financial sense to encourage and support employees’ healthy practices. Harmful health habits  low employee productivity  employers provide employees with work-based health promotion programs Health Organizations Provide services and treatment to reduce the impact of illness and improve health A health promoting hospital embraces the aims of health promotion... and promotes the health of their patients, their staff, and the population within the community in which they are located. Health Organizations Along with other healthcare settings (centres, offices, clinics), hospitals provide suitable setting for HP programs due to the huge social network. Much work is done in such facilities to reduce the negative consequences associated with disease. Identify community stakeholders Before beginning to plan, implement and evaluate the health promotion program: STEP 1: identify the stakeholders involved with the health issue under consideration. Identify community stakeholders Stakeholders are the people and organizations that have an interest in the health of a specific group or population of people. They can include program participants or priority population (students, employees, community members, patients), in addition to: 1. top civic, business, or health leaders in the community 2. the sponsoring organization’s executives 3. administrators 4. supervisors 5. funding agencies 6. government officials Identify community stakeholders Involving the stakeholders in a health promotion program is essential for its success. Stakeholders might serve as: members of a program’s advisory board program champions or advocates Stakeholders as Advisory Board Members Most health promotion programs form some type of advisory board or advisory group to provide program support, guidance, and oversight. What do they do? 1. During planning, they are involved with:  determining program priorities as part of the needs assessment  developing program goals and objectives  selecting program interventions Stakeholders as Advisory Board Members 2. During implementation, they might participate in the initial program offering program participant recruitment material development advocacy grant writing 3. During evaluation, they often: review reports give feedback on how best to disseminate use the evaluation results and findings Stakeholders as Champions and Advocates Health promotion programs often have champions whose advocacy provides leadership and passion for the program. The champion typically knows the setting, the health problems, and the individuals, families, and communities affected by the health problem. Stakeholders as Champions and Advocates What do they do? Champions provide insight into how the organization operates, who will be supportive, and potential challenges to implementing a health promotion program. Champions are the people who have initiated the effort to start the program (often volunteering their time and energy). They fight for resources, funding, and space for the program’s operations. Qatar today Qatar’s health system has undergone a momentous journey of transformation in recent decades and the National Health Strategy (NHS) 2018-2022 directs the health sector’s next period of growth. (Ministry of Public Health) Health Campaign Topics 1. Smoke free campus 2. Zero waste campus 3. Food safety 4. Bottled water use reduction 5. Mental health during COVID19 pandemic 6. Ischemic heart diseases 7. Road injuries 8. Diabetes/overweight 9. Stroke 10. Self-harm 11. Physical inactivity Most deaths on Qatar Qatar National Health Strategy 2018-22 References Fertman, C.I., & Allensworth, D.D. (2016). Health promotion programs: From theory to practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. ISBN: 9781119163336 Solhi, M., Fard Azar, F. E., Abolghasemi, J., Maheri, M., Irandoost, S. F. & Khalili, S. (2020, August 31). The effect of educational intervention on health-promoting lifestyle: Intervention mapping approach. Journal of education and health promotion. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530417/. Laverack, G. (2014). The pocket guide to health promotion. McGraw Hill/Open University Press. Ministry of Public Health, Qatar (N.D.). National Health Strategy 2018 – 2022 (pp. 16-17) https://www.moph.gov.qa/Style%20Library/MOPH/Files/strategies/National%20Health%20 Strategy%202018%20-%202022/NHS%20EN.pdf Qatar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2020