Human Anatomy PDF 2008

introduction Prepared by dr. paiman jamal PhD anatomy objectives Make up a distinct nomenclature to describe: Areas of the body To provide orientation when describing parts of human anatomy To distinguish different movements of the body. Basic Anatomy Anatomy is the science of the structure and func...

introduction Prepared by dr. paiman jamal PhD anatomy objectives Make up a distinct nomenclature to describe: Areas of the body To provide orientation when describing parts of human anatomy To distinguish different movements of the body. Basic Anatomy Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body. Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences. Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body. Terms Related to Position All descriptions of the human body are based on the anatomical position. Body is erect, the eyes face forward, arms are kept by the side with palms facing forward. The legs are kept together with feet directed forward. This is the so-called anatomic position. 1 2 3 4 Median Sagittal Plane a vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed paramedian. Sagittal plane defenetion A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other. Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other. wenakan datwanen bleen zor grngn nak har grng chunka anatomy la yakek la prsyarakan ba agare bzana ka wena bhenetawa wa wena kurtkraway babatakaya Frontal Planes Coronal Planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. The terms anterior and posterior are used to indicate the front and back of the body, respectively. To describe the relationship of two structures, one is said to be anterior or posterior to the other in so far as it is closer to the anterior or posterior body surface. rwe nawawa dast In describing the hand, the terms palmar and dorsal surfaces are used in place of anterior and posterior, and in describing the foot, the terms plantar and dorsal surfaces are used instead of lower and upper surfaces. rwe darawa dast zher pee rwe saraway pee nzektr la rw dwrtr la rw The terms proximal and distal describe the relative distances from the roots of the limbs; for example, the arm is proximal to the forearm and the hand is distal to the forearm. wenakan datwanen bleen zor grngn nak har grng chunka anatomy la yakek la prsyarakan ba agare bzana ka wena bhenetawa wa wena kurtkraway babatakaya rwkash qull The terms superficial and deep denote the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body, and the terms superior and inferior denote levels relatively high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body. nawawa darawa The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity; for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity. Terms of Direction abe bzanen m xalana 2 ama mabaste lee awaya bo nmuna 2 bashe yak la ba yakawa bo nmuna chawe rastw daste rast yaxwd daste rast w qache rast The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral. Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the left biceps brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris muscle are contralateral. Contralateral: amayan pechawanay ipsilaterala bo nmuna 2 bashe dw lay jyawaz bo nmuna chawe rast w qache chap yaxwd daste rast w qache chap..... etc The supine position of the body is lying on the back. The prone position is lying face downward. Lithotomy position Lies supine Hips and knees semi flexed Thighs abducted Feet strapped in position Terms Related to Movement A site where two or more bones come together is known as a joint. Some joints have no movement (sutures of the skull), some have only slight movement (superior tibiofibular joint), and some are freely movable (shoulder joint). Flexion is a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane. For example, flexion of the elbow joint approximates the anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm. It is usually an anterior movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint. Extension means straightening the joint gosha frawan dabet and usually takes place in a posterior direction. Lateral flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. gosha bchuk dabetawa Abduction is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. Adduction is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. In the fingers and toes, abduction is applied to the spreading of these structures and adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures. Abduction: dwrkawtnawa Adduction: nzek bwnawa Rotation is the term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis. Medial rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially. Lateral rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally. Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly. Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Protraction is to move forward Retraction is to move backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints). am dwana tanha bo foot bakar dentn inversion & eversion wa ba panja gawray pe dazanen ka kamayana Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction. Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction. Opposition it is combination of abduction, medial rotation and flexion, characteristically occurs in the thumb. amayan tanha bo panjay dasta Summery: Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body anatomical position. Body is erect, the eyes face forward, arms are kept by the side with palms facing forward. The legs are kept together with feet directed forward. Various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary planes There are certain terms used for various anatomical movements.