ANAT-P.01-Anatomical-Position-Anatomical-Planes-and-Sections-and-Directional-Terms PDF

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY P.01 Anatomical Position, Anatomical Planes and Sections, and Directional Terms Dr. Paul Adlai B. Quitiquit | Aug...

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY P.01 Anatomical Position, Anatomical Planes and Sections, and Directional Terms Dr. Paul Adlai B. Quitiquit | August 13, 2024 SOM 2028 OUTLINE I. TERMINOLOGIES……………………………………….….1 A. Anatomical Variation B. Anatomical Aberration/ Anatomical Abnormality II. ANATOMICAL POSITION………………………………….1 A. Standard Anatomical Position B. Fetal Anatomical Position III. ANATOMICAL PLANES……………………………….......1 A. Vertical Planes B. Horizontal Planes C. Oblique Planes D. Special Planes IV. ANATOMICAL SECTIONS…………………………………2 A. Vertical Section B. Horizontal Section C. Oblique Section V. RELATIVE DIRECTIONAL TERMS………………………2 Checkpoint……………………………………………………………....4 Figure 1. Standard anatomical position References……………………………………………………………….4 IMPORTANT: All descriptions of the human body are always based on the I. TERMINOLOGIES standard anatomical position. A. ANATOMICAL VARIATION It is the basis for assessment and describing anatomical In anatomy, variations DO NOT necessarily mean that someone is landmarks. abnormal. A variation is different from an abnormality. The head is ALWAYS the superior portion, and the feet are inferior, even when the person is turned upside down, lying down, etc. Example: The thumb is ALWAYS lateral, and the ulnar side is always medial. Our height may be different from one another but being short B. FETAL ANATOMICAL POSITION or tall does not mean that a person is abnormal. It is a curved position. The head is not superior, and the feet are not Each person may have a different number of branches of facial inferior. The following terms are used instead: nerve. It does not mean that we are abnormal. Head – cranial (towards the cranium) Having large or small breasts is not abnormal. HOWEVER, if Feet – caudal (towards the tail) the breasts are markedly asymmetric due to hypoplasia (underdevelopment of an organ or tissue), or if the woman has Back – dorsal more than 2 nipples, it is now an abnormality. Front – ventral NOTE: Can be used to report on animals B. ANATOMICAL ABERRATION/ ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITY A deviation from the normal anatomic structure. Involves a disturbance of anatomical structures that is considered abnormal. Example: Cleft lip/palate Poor development of the muscles in the mouth Polydactyly – the presence of extra fingers or toes (digits) o Deviates from standard 10 fingers, 10 toes, so this is considered an aberration/ abnormality. Congenital abnormality of the ear (recurring infections of the ear because the secretions cannot get out) KEY IDEA: Each of us may have varying anatomical structures or Figure 2. Fetal anatomical position characteristics (color, size, etc.) which are all considered normal. However, if there is a disturbance to our normal anatomical structure III. ANATOMICAL PLANES and/or functioning, it becomes an abnormality. Imaginary lines that serve as a reference point when describing a structure or part of the body. II. ANATOMICAL POSITION A. STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION Wherein the body is: Upright Erect Eyes directed forward Trunk straight Hands on the sides with palms facing forward Heels together with feet slightly at 30 degrees angle to each other Figure 3. Anatomical planes CAW-IS, FRANCISCO, BELTRAN, BUNZO, CAMBAY Page 1 of 4  SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY P.01 Anatomical Position, Anatomical Planes and Sections, and Directional Terms Dr. Paul Adlai B. Quitiquit | August 13, 2024 SOM 2028 A. VERTICAL PLANE Frontal/Coronal Plane Divides the body into an anterior and posterior position. It does not have to divide the body into equal anterior and posterior portions. Sagittal Plane Figure 6. Sagittal section of the brain Divides the body into a left and a right portion o Midsagittal/Median - exactly at the midline of an B. HORIZONTAL SECTION (Transverse Section) individual. Divides the body into an equal left and right side. o Parasagittal/Paramedian – ANY line parallel to your midline. Divides the body into left and right UNEQUAL portions. Descriptions must always specify if it is mid- or para- sagittal. B. HORIZONTAL PLANE Transverse Plane Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions that may or may not be equal. o Most common cut used in computed tomography (CT) Figure 7. Horizontal section of the abdomen and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). C. OBLIQUE PLANE C. OBLIQUE SECTION Planes that do not fall into either horizontal or vertical planes and may lie at any angle. Figure 4. Oblique Plane Figure 8. Oblique section of the lower limb D. SPECIAL PLANES Midclavicular - divides the clavicle into two equal parts. V. RELATIVE DIRECTIONAL TERMS Midingual – located in the middle of the inguinal ligament. Describing a certain body part by associating it to another body part Midscapular - divides the scapula into two equal parts. or structure. Midsternal - divides the sternum into two equal parts. ○ SUPERIOR/CRANIAL/SUPRA Midvertebral - divides the vertebra into two equal parts. Structures near the head or cranium/upper part of the Parascapular - parallel to the scapula. structure Parasternal - parallel to the midsternal line. Example: The nose is superior to the mouth Paravertebral - parallel to the vertebra. Subcostal - located below the ribs/ costal region. ○ INFERIOR/CAUDAL/INFRA Transcristal - located at the pelvic bone. Structures near the feet/lower part of the structure Transpyloric - located at the level of the pylorus of the stomach. Caudal - nearer the tail (for animals) Transtubercular plane - passes through the iliac tubercle. Example: The mouth is inferior to the nose Umbilical plane - transverse plane passing through the umbilicus. ○ ROSTRAL/ANTERIOR Rostral - beak of the bird Structures near the front IV. ANATOMICAL SECTIONS Synonymous to anterior Sections are slices of the body in a particular plane. These are ○ ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR useful for identifying where body parts are located. Anterior - nearer the front Posterior - nearer the back A. VERTICAL SECTION ○ VENTRAL & DORSAL Only used in Embryology or used for embryos and lower Frontal/Coronal Section – Useful when looking at the forms of animal relationship between the front and the back of the brain. Ventral - structures toward the abdominal region Dorsal - towards the back of the spine Used if superior and inferior cannot be applied ○ INTERNAL & EXTERNAL Point of reference: center Are used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity Figure 5. Frontal section of the brain Internal - Structures nearer to the center o Example: The bone is internal to the Sagittal Section – Useful when looking at the relationship muscle between the right and left side of the brain. External- Structures farther away from the center CAW-IS, FRANCISCO, BELTRAN, BUNZO, CAMBAY Page 2 of 4  SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY P.01 Anatomical Position, Anatomical Planes and Sections, and Directional Terms Dr. Paul Adlai B. Quitiquit | August 13, 2024 SOM 2028 o Example: The muscle is external to the bone; the internal carotid artery is found ○ PALMAR – PLANTAR – DORSAL inside the cranial cavity and the external Palmar- near/related to surface/ palm of hand carotid artery is found outside the cranial o Example: Palmar flexion - flexion towards the cavity. palm Plantar - relating to the sole of the foot Dorsal - towards the back/opposite of palmar and plantar Figure 12. Palmar, Plantar, Dorsal, and Ventral ○ PERIPHERAL & CENTRAL Peripheral - going away from the center Central - structures coming from the center Usually related in the description of system or organs o Example: Central Nervous System/ Peripheral Figure 10. Relative Directional Terms Nervous System ○ RADIAL & ULNAR ○ DEEP & SUPERFICIAL Radial - structures near the radius – always lateral (same Point of reference: surface side as thumb) Deep - further away from the surface Ulnar - structures near the ulna – always medial (near Superficial - near the surface the trunk) o Example: The skin is superficial to the muscle/The ○ LATERALITY muscle is deep to the skin Laterality - indicates that the structure is either located ○ PROXIMAL & DISTAL on the left or right Point of reference: origin of a specific anatomical Usually the last description structure o Example: The laterality of the appendix is on the o Example: The origin of the upper extremity is the right shoulder Bilateral: located on both sides (same structure e.g., Proximal - near to the point of origin ears, eyes) o Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal - farther from the point of origin o COMBINATIONS - combination of terminologies o Example: The wrist is located distal to the elbow Anteroinferior – located in front and below o E.g. The mouth is ANTEROINFERIOR to the nose. o MEDIAL & LATERAL Inferomedial – located below and to the center Point of reference: midline o E.g. The nose is INFEROMEDIAL to the eye. Medial - near the midline o Example: The nose is medial to the ears Lateral - farther from the midline o Example: The ears are lateral to the nose EXAMPLES Note: The thumb will always be in lateral position, and the pinky is in medial position 1. An 18-year-old male injured his left hand while working in a wood processing unit. Give the location to the doctor. ○ IPSILATERAL & CONTRALATERAL Ipsilateral - structures located on the same side of the body Contralateral - structures located in the opposite side of the body (different structures) o Example: The gallbladder is ipsilateral to the appendix, but contralateral to the spleen o Injury to the right side of the brain can cause problems in the left side of the body. Answer: Traumatic amputation, Distal third of 2nd and 4th finger, left Rationale: The injury is considered an amputation. Located in the 2nd and 4th finger but in terms of specific part. Dividing 3 lines, the 3rd being the proximal 3rd and the 2nd middle 3rd and 1st the tip of the finger Distal 3rd. Lastly, we named the laterality which in this case is left. Figure 11. Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, and Contralateral CAW-IS, FRANCISCO, BELTRAN, BUNZO, CAMBAY Page 3 of 4  SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY P.01 Anatomical Position, Anatomical Planes and Sections, and Directional Terms Dr. Paul Adlai B. Quitiquit | August 13, 2024 SOM 2028 2. A 32-year-old male came for consultation because of a stick in his neck. How would you describe the specific location of the CHECKPOINT injury? 1. Any planes that do not fall into either horizontal or vertical planes. 2. What is the most common cut used in MRI and CT scan? 3. Six (6) standard anatomical position. 4. Thumb is ____; Ulnar is _____ 5. What imaginary line divides the body into unequal left and right portions? 6. These are slices of the body in a particular plane that are useful for identifying where body parts are located. 7. If the gallbladder and appendix are located on the same Answer: The injury is located in the left lateral neck at the side of the body, they can be described as _________. level of _______. 8. How do you describe the thirds of a finger from base to tip? It is important to know the structures underneath the skin of 9. What are some examples of an abnormality/ aberration? where the injury took place so we can properly treat it 10. When the body is upside down, is the head superior or inferior to the feet? 3. A 53-year-old female was admitted because of anal bleeding secondary to hemorrhoids. How would you describe the location of the hemorrhoids? anatomical position Superior – always picture the body in standard 10. presence of extra nipples Cleft lip/ palate, polydactyly, breast hypoplasia, 9. Proximal (closest to palm), Medial, and Distal (tip) 8. Ipsilateral 7. Anatomical sections 6. Parasagittal line 5. Lateral; medial 4. degrees angle to each other - Heels together with feet slightly at 30 forward - Hands on the sides with palms facing - Trunk straight - Eyes directed forward - Erect - Upright Standard anatomical position 3. Horizontal cut 2. Answer: The hemorrhoid is located at 12 o’clock. Oblique plane 1. Rationale: If referring to a circular area, make use of the arms of a clock to describe the location, where 12 is referring to the upper part of the structure, and 6 is referring to the bottom part. REFERENCES 4. Where is the blue dot located? Libretexts (2020). Body Planes and Sections. Retrieved from https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Bo ok%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction _to_Anatomy_and_Physiology/1.4%3A_Mapping_the_Body/1.4D%3 A_Body_Planes_and_Sections Netter, F. H. (2019). Atlas of human anatomy (7th ed.). Elsevier. Snell, R. S. (2019). Clinical anatomy by regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Weitering, H. (2015). Gross Anatomy: Stabbed by a Stick. Retrieved from https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/grossanatomy/52761 Answer: You can use the tubercular or the umbilical plane as your Horizontal plane. A mass located about 2 cm from the midline and around 6cm from the umbilical line on the right side of the body. CAW-IS, FRANCISCO, BELTRAN, BUNZO, CAMBAY Page 4 of 4