Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions PDF

# Cultural, Social and Political Institutions ## Week 6 to Week 8 ### Institutions - A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose. - Established law, practice, or custom. - Organization, foundation, establishment, institute, center ### Types of Insti...

# Cultural, Social and Political Institutions ## Week 6 to Week 8 ### Institutions - A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose. - Established law, practice, or custom. - Organization, foundation, establishment, institute, center ### Types of Institutions | Type | Description | |---|---| | Kinship | A network of relatives within which an individual possesses certain mutual rights and obligations. | | Health | Institutions related to health and healthcare. | | Political | Institutions involved in governance and political affairs. | | Education | Institutions focused on teaching and learning. | | Economic | Institutions related to production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services. | | Religious | Institutions centered around religious beliefs and practices. | | Non-state | Organizations that operate outside of a sovereign state. | ## Social Institutions ### The Family #### Kinship - A network of relatives within which an individual possesses certain mutual rights and obligations. #### Types of Kinship - **Blood:** Based on genetic relatedness. - **Marriage:** Based on a legal union. #### Kinship Patterns - Kinship patterns include people related either by descent or by marriage. - Descent is based on genetic relatedness. - Marriage is based on a legal union. #### Descent - **Bloodline** - **Descents** #### Family Tree Symbols - Δ Male - O Female - Ego Subject of chart - GrFr Grandfather - GrMo Grandmother - Fr Father - Mo Mother - Un Uncle - Au Aunt - Br Brother - Z Sister - Co Cousin #### Descent Types - **Unilineal:** A child is automatically assigned to either his or her mother's or father's group. - **Patrilineal:** Children are automatically made members of the father's group only. - **Matrilineal:** Children are automatically made members of the mother's group only. - **Bilateral:** Children are categorized as members of all ancestors, including both parents and grandparents. #### Marriage - **Affinity**: The kinship by marriage or the human relation through marriage. #### Marriage Definition - A socially/ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them. #### Types of Marriage - **Endogamy:** The social rule which states that a partner must be selected from a person's own social group. - **Exogamy:** The rule which proclaims that a partner must be chosen from a group different from one's own. #### Forms of Marriage - **Monogamy:** Both married partners have only one spouse. - **Polygamy:** An individual has multiple spouses - **Polygyny:** One man is married to more than one woman simultaneously. - **Polyandry:** A woman is married to more than one man simultaneously. - **Group Marriage:** The marriage of several men with several women. #### Post-Marital Residency Rules - **Patrilocal:** Husband's father's place of residence. - **Matrilocal:** Wife's mother's place of residence. - **Ambilocal:** May choose either patrilocal or matrilocal residency. - **Neolocal:** Builds a household in a different location. - **Avuncolocal:** Residence of the groom's mother's brother. #### Ritual - Kinship relationships extend to people an individual has religious, economic or political relationships with, or other social ties such as friendship. #### Compadrinazgo - **The Godparenthood Complex** - **Padrinazgo**: Spiritual parenthood, emphasizing a vertical relationship. - **Compadrazgo**: Ritual co-parenthood, emphasizing a horizontal relationship or ritual ties binding adults. ### Family - A group of people living together and functioning as a single household, usually consisting of parents and their children. ### Household - It is defined as either one person living alone or a group of people living together who share living arrangements. ### Types of Family - **Nuclear:** Husband, wife, one or more children. - **Extended:** Family that lived with extended relatives. - **Lone Parent:** Parent (male/female) with one or more children. - **Reconstituted:** Union of two adults through marriage, cohabitation, or civil partnership with children. - **Transnational:** Separated families. - **Same Sex:** Family in which both parents are the same gender. - **Blended:** Formed from other relationships. #### Political Kinship - Kinship relations may extend to people an individual or a family has political affiliation with. #### Political Dynasty - May refer to a family or clan that maintains power for many generations through the system of succession of political leaders. ## Political Institutions - **Government:** An institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society and regulating relations with other societies. - A governing body must be recognized by the people it purports to govern. #### Types of Governments - **Monarchy:** A political system in which a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family. - **Constitutional Monarchy:** The reigning member of the royal family is the symbolic head of state, while elected officials do the actual governing. - **Democracy:** A political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government. - **Authoritarianism:** A political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government. - **Totalitarianism:** A political system where the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens' lives. #### Aspects of Politics - **Power:** Ability to impose one's will over others despite resistance. - **Authority:** Legitimated power. - **Types of Authority:** - **Traditional:** Power is legitimized according to tradition. (Example: Monarchy) - **Charismatic:** Power is legitimized by the captivation of followers through charisma. (Example: John F. Kennedy) - **Rational Legal:** Power is legitimized by qualifying for an established position (Example: A leader elected as a Mayor) - **Legitimacy:** The right of political leaders to govern, hold and allocate power based on societal values. #### Political Participation - Involves acts of individuals and groups seeking to influence political decisions. - **Examples:** - **Voting:** The official choice that people make in an election. - **Lobbying:** Acts of influencing government officials to make decisions for or against something. - **Campaign/Advocacy:** A series of activities designed to bring about a particular result. ## Economic Institutions - **Economy:** The institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services. - People rely on others for goods and services, which necessitates exchange in the form of currency or other goods. - The customs surrounding the exchange and distribution of goods and services shape societies. #### Modes of Subsistence - **Food Foraging Societies:** Hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. - **Characteristics:** Mobility, small group size, egalitarianism, communal property, flexible division of labor by gender. - **Food Producing Societies:** Domestication of plants and animals during the Neolithic Revolution using stone-based technologies. - **Pastoralism:** Breeding and managing migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals in dry, cold, steep, and rocky places. - **Horticulture:** Small communities of gardeners work with simple hand tools without irrigation or plows. (Example: Kaingin) - **Agriculture:** Crop cultivation involving technologies like irrigation, fertilizers, and wooden and metal plows pulled by draft animals. Developed countries use fuel-powered tractors. #### Labor Resources and Patterns - **Division of Labor by Gender:** Women's work is often confined to traditional roles. Men's work tends to involve physical strength, travel, and risk. - **Division of Labor by Age:** Elderly people are expected to contribute much food and knowledge. - Elderly individuals serve as repositories of knowledge and wisdom, particularly in non-literate societies. - **Cooperative Labor:** The efforts of the whole community during festivals or large tasks contribute to the fostering of a festive spirit. (Example: Bayanihan) - **Craft Specialization:** In contemporary industrialized society, there is a greater diversity of specialized tasks. Small-scale societies typically have a division of labor based on gender and age. #### Distribution and Exchange - In societies without money, rewards for labor are directly compensated. #### Types of Exchange - **Redistribution:** Goods flow into a central place to be sorted, counted, and reallocated. Involves power: Leaders store goods and distribute them to maintain power, ensure support, and establish alliances. - **Reciprocity:** Exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value between two parties. (Example: Gift-giving). - **Market Exchange:** Buying and selling of goods and services with prices set by rules of supply and demand. Money facilitates exchange. #### Economic Systems - A system of production, exchange of goods and services, as well as allocation of resources. - **Capitalism:** Resources and means of production are privately owned; citizens seek profit; free-market competition determines success. (Example: United States) - **Welfare Capitalism:** Market-based economy coupled with extensive social welfare. (Example: Sweden) - **State Capitalism:** Resources are privately owned but are closely monitored by the government. (Example: South Korea) - **Socialism:** Resources and means of production are owned by society; rights to private property are limited; the good of society is prioritized over individual profit; government maintains control. (Example: China) ## Performance Task 1 1. Choose a partner and interview him while writing down notes. 2. Learn about each other's families, relatives, and political affiliations. 3. Present to the class and paste the written interview into your classmates' notebooks.