World History Final Exam Review PDF

​⋆˚✿˖°World History⋆˚✿˖°​ ₊˚˖ ִ ＊ 🍓✧˚.🎀༘⋆ﾟ＊Final Exam Review ₊˚˖ 🍓 ִ ✧˚.🎀༘⋆ﾟ Date of Exam: Wednesday (12/18) Study well!! ꒰ᐢ. ̫.ᐢ ​ Colossians 3:23 - "Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for...

​⋆˚✿˖°World History⋆˚✿˖°​ ₊˚˖ ִ ＊ 🍓✧˚.🎀༘⋆ﾟ＊Final Exam Review ₊˚˖ 🍓 ִ ✧˚.🎀༘⋆ﾟ Date of Exam: Wednesday (12/18) Study well!! ꒰ᐢ. ̫.ᐢ ​ Colossians 3:23 - "Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for human masters." PRACTICE QUIZZES: -​ Chapter 4 Quiz: https://revisely.com/quiz/wWKcuV -​ Chapter 5 Quiz: https://revisely.com/quiz/ntiTm4 -​ Chapter 6 Quiz: ​ Chapter 4 ○​ 3 G’s ​ Gold: economic motives ​ Glory: personal or national reputation and fame ​ God: religious zeal, involves spreading the religion on behalf of their god ○​ Treaty of Tordesillias ​ Either side was worried that the other might try to claim their territory in America, so they consulted with the pope who drew a 1  line on the map through the Americas. East (Brazil)= Portugal, West =(Major parts of North America) Spain (EPSW→ remember like this) ○​ Conquest of Aztec and Inca, leader, methods, how, and why. ​ Who? ​ Hernan Cortes (spanish) → aztec ​ Francisco Pizzaro (spanish) → Inca ​ How? ​ Advanced weaponry ​ Diseases.i.e. Smallpox ​ Horses ​ Alliances with neighbouring regions or tribes that were against them ○​ Mercantilism ​ Belief that nation’s prosperity depends on a large supply of gold and silver ○​ Columbian exchange ​ The creation of the vast global trade network resulted in an exchange of plants and animals between Europe and America ​ It did both good and bad, particularly bad for native americans and good for europeans ​ How the exchange took place: ​ Europeans introduced the livestock such as horses and cattle to native americans and the europeans brought plants: sugar, cotton, and wheat ○​ Horses didn't exist in native america, it changed the native american lifestyles, particularly in the Great Plains ​ A lot of native americans were nomadic, they hunted barefoot for buffaloes 2  ​ Horses allows native americans to hunt buffalo efficiently, they became the most efficient warriors and hunters on horseback ​ Horses changed the lifestyle of native americans dramatically ​ Americans exported pepper, potato, corn, tomato, tobacco, and cocoa to Europe, the most important was potato because they are really easy to grow and grow anywhere ○​ More potatoes meant more food = population growth increase ​ Negative effects of Columbian exchange: ​ Introduction of new diseases to native americans, such as smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, and malaria ○​ Nobody knew about bacteria and viruses ○​ The population drastically decreases in America ○​ Middle passage ​ Atlantic slave trade: know the triangle ​ America → Africa → Europe ​ Europeans sold weapons or manufactured goods to West Africa in exchange for slaves, who were then shipped to America to work on plantations and gold mines, and from there they brought the produce to Europe ​ Slave trade route from West Africa to America crossing the Atlantic Ocean was called the Middle Passage ○​ Encomienda system ​ Land grant → The spanish king gave land in America to other spanish people → allows spanish settlers to extract the labor from the native americans living that particular land (they could use native americans who were on their land as labor workers), in 3  exchange of labor they were supposed to christianize the native americans and protect them, however that was not the case. They were not considered human, they were expendable and discardable ​ Brutal subjugation (the action of bringing someone or something under domination or control), extremely exploitative, and inhumane ○​ New Spain → social structure (peninsulares, creoles, mulattoes, mestizoes, etc.) ○​ Catholic church in latin america ​ Chapter 5 ○​ King Philippe II ​ What he was known for → the most catholic king ​ He was the greatest supporter of militant catholicism who believed that catholicism was the only true religion and protestants were heretics. He defended and expanded catholicism by any means necessary, and also brought a golden age to the Spanish empire using his strong spanish army called the armada. ○​ French wars of religion (Edict of Nante, and Huguenots) ​ Protestants, specifically, and Catholics became more militant and aggressive in conversion and wanted to eliminate one another ​ French underwent wars of religion within their own country, calvinists and catholics fought against each other, catholic french kings tried to persecute the protestants but failed to stop the spread ○​ Most of these people, called Huguenots, were nobles who held significant power, were a threat to the king 4  ○​ Ultra-Catholics, controlled more of the northern part and recruited large armies to fight the Huguenots, strongly opposed the Huguenots ○​ Religion caused the civil war in France, along with political factors ​ The Huguenots, nobles, wanted to weaken the power of catholic french kings ​ This civil war raged for 30 years ​ Henry IV ​ 1589, things started to change ​ Henry the 4th succeeded the throne and became the king of France, however, he was a HUguenots but he realized that protestants would never be accepted by the french and he converted to catholicism and ended the civil war in France ​ How did he end the civil war? ○​ Edict of Nante 1598: Issued by Henry IV to solve the religious problem, recognized catholicism as the official religion of France and granted right to worship and political rights to Huguenots, and protestants ​ This pleased both catholics and protestants and ended the civil war ○​ 30 years war: cause and effects ​ 30 years war took place in Germany ​ Peace of Ausburg did not recognize calvinism ​ 1600: Calvinism had spread in Europe and led to religious conflicts in Germany ​ More than 20% of people died ​ 1618-1648 war: final religious war in europe ​ Religius, political, and territorial factors influenced the war 5  ​ It took place in the Holy Roman Empire, particularly, Bohemia, Catholic kings fought against Calvinist nobles of Bohemia ○​ This conflict became more political and international ○​ France, the catholic nation, sided with the protestants against the catholic holy roman empire and spain to gain leadership, power, and dominance in Europe ○​ Peace of Westphalia ended the religious war and gave new territories to Sweden, France, and their allies. It established the concept of national sovereignty ​ Nation should decide their own affair ​ It divided the Holy Roman Empire into more than 300 independent states, and gave each freedom to determine their own religion and choose whatever foreign policy they want to. ​ Holy Roman Empire ceased to be a political entity ​ German unification would not happen for another 200 years while other nations are unifying ○​ English civil war → oliver cromwell and puritans ​ Also known as the english revolution ​ War between king and parliament ​ They fought over who gets what power in governing england, what role they should play in governing england ​ James I believed that he received power from God and is only responsible to God alone, he only responds to God ○​ This was called the Divine right of Kings ​ Meanwhile, the parliament believed that both the monarch and parliament rules the land 6  ​ However, James believed that he should have absolute power, but the parliament disagreed, they believed both the king and the parliament should rule ​ Puritans were protestants who were inspired by John Calvin ○​ They opposed the Anglican church ​ Why? ​ Puritans believed that the Anglican Church was way too catholic, they wanted to remove remaining Catholic elements within the Anglican church, they wanted to “purify” the church ​ A Lot of the puritans were gentry, the influential people who had influential power and money in the society of england, part of the parliament ​ James had issue with the puritans and parliament, tensions began to build ​ Conflict began to build with James I but intensified with Charles I ​ He also believed in the divine right of kings ​ Charles I tried to impose more catholic elements in the catholic church and the puritans opposed this, thus, Charles I persecuted the puritans ○​ Because of this, many of the puritans left England and fled to America, to escape the persecutions ○​ They built new colonies to freely worship ​ Conflict between Charles I and the parliament led to the civil war in 1642 ​ Royalists (king’s forces) vs. parliament 7  ​ Eventually, parliament won this civil war due to leadership under the man named Oliver Cromvell ○​ His army was called New Model Army ○​ The New Model Army: ​ Factors that led them to victory: ​ Extreme puritans- religious zeal ○​ They believed that they were fighting for God ​ They were well disciplined and trained in new military tactics ​ Aftermath: ○​ Cromvell took full control and purged the parliament of non supporters ​ Rump Parliament ​ Executed Charles I in 1649 ○​ The ax they used to execute Charles I was dull, so they had to chop his neck about 7-8 times ○​ After the civil war, monarchy was abolished and parliament declared england a commonwealth- republic for a short time period ○​ Cromwell realized that the parliament was corrupted and inefficient, so he abolished the parliament and set up a military dictatorship in England where he ruled until his death ○​ Glorious revolution’s significance → impacts ​ William of Orange was asked by english nobles to invade England ​ He prepared for invasion in early 1648 and won ○​ Almost no blood was shed 8  ​ Called the Glorious Revolution because almost no blood was shed ​ Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary in 1689 ​ They became the king and queen ​ There was a condition for them to rule, they had to accept the English bill of rights upon taking the throne ​ The Bill of Rights affirmed parliament’s rights to make laws and levy taxes - inorder to make a law, the king has to ask the parliament, the consent of the parliament is needed to impose or levy taxes ○​ The Bill of rights restricted kings and queens from ruling without the consent of the parliament, they cannot be the absolute monarch and do whatever they pleased ○​ The Bill of rights required the parliament’s consent to raise a standing army, professional army ready to fight at any time ○​ It also confirmed the citizen’s rights ○​ Bill of rights was very important because it laid the basis of foundation for a limited monarchy or constitutional monarchy ​ Impact at the end: ○​ These events destroyed the divine right theory of kingship, there will be no absolute monarchy in England anymore ○​ Asserted parliament’s role in government ​ Parliament gained a significant part in governing 9  ○​ The parliament gradually became the central power in the government of constitutional monarchy ○​ John Locke and Thomas Hobbes ​ Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were driven by self preservation. He proposed the social contract where people would agree to form a government to prevent chaos, as people would kill each other without it. He advocated absolute monarchy. ​ John Locke believed that humans lived in a constant state of freedom and equality, and established the government to protect their natural rights of life, liberty and property, and judge violations of these rights. If the government failed to protect people’s rights, the people should overthrow the government. ○​ Absolutism: definition ​ Where a single monarch holds total absolute power and has a divine right from God to do so. ○​ Louis 14th: how did he centralize/strengthen his power → how he became and exemplary absolute monarch ​ Louis controlled the central policy making by bribing the local, influential, provincial figures to carry out his policies. He dealt with nobles and princes, who were a threat to him as they wanted a share in power, by removing them from the royal council, which was the king's chief administrative body that supervised the government. However, in return Louis threw wild and extravagant parties daily to distract the nobles and princes from politics and keep them happy. He established policies that aimed to convert Huguenots to catholicism and eliminate protestantism by all means. He also craved military glory, so he established a powerful standing army of 900,000 soldiers to increase his military power in Europe. ○​ Peter the great: what did he want to do with Russia 10  ​ Peter the Great, the absolute monarch of Russia, westernized and modernized Russia by establishing the navy and adapting western technology and military tactics, strategies and training which were taught at the military academy to raise a stronger army. He established secular schools that taught math, literature, science, engineering, etc. He also mandated beard shaving and westernized the clothing in Russia to become more modern than traditional. He also established a port with ready access to Europe, after waging war against Sweden, called St. Petersburg. which became an important commercial center and the capital of Russia, Peter introduced a new effective tax system and centralized bureaucracy- and power to increase government efficiency. He also created a secret police to spy on and suppress the people and nobles to maintain his power. He also expanded territory to the north and south. In the north, he declared war against Sweden and gained control over the Baltic sea and areas around it. In the south, he was not as successful in gaining control over areas near the black sea, but laid the foundation for future generations to conquer it ○​ Austrian empire: characteristics ​ Was ruled by Austrian Habsburgs dynasty ​ Played a significant role in European history because they were emperors of the holy roman empire ​ They wanted a unified empire but failed due to the 30 year war ○​ So instead they established a new empire in eastern and southern europe ○​ Present day Austria, today’s czech republic, and hungary = 3 main core states 11  ○​ Able to establish an empire after defeating the Ottoman turk invasion in 1683 ○​ They centralized power but had such a diverse national population that it was hard to centralize the empire ○​ The different nations were held together by the Hapsburgs in order to become the Austrian empire ○​ Junkers of Prussia ​ Landed aristocrats who were staff of the general war commissariat which became a civil and military government. ​ Chapter 6 ○​ What is gunpowder empire ​ Refers to empires that unified their conquered regions based on the usage of firearms as outsiders or non-natives. ○​ Janissaries ​ Foot soldiers and elite guards of the sultan who became the administrators of the Ottoman Empire. ○​ Sultans: Suleyman I, Osman, Mehmed I, Selim I ​ Suleyman I ​ Conquered and defeated Hungary and Austria. However, when he tried to advance into Europe, he was defeated in Vienna and the Spanish under Philip II destroyed their navy in Lepanto when the Ottoman Turks tried to take control over the Mediterranean Sea. ​ Osman ​ Established the Ottoman dynasty ​ Mehmed I ​ Conquered Constantinople after defeating the Byzantine empire through the effective use of heavy cannons and 12  changed its name to Istanbul as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. ​ Selim I ​ Conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Arabian peninsula which was the heartland of Islam. Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina were under his control as three of the most holy cities of Islam. He declared himself as the new caliph. ○​ How was the Ottoman empire governed: pasha. Ulema ​ Grand vizier controlled the empire on behalf of the sultan ​ Pashas were the officials in charge of governing different provinces and districts and were the second-highest ranking officials after the sultan. ​ Ulema were the religious advisors and scholars of the sultan who were in charge of working as the caliph on behalf of the sultan. They educated the muslims on Islam beliefs and implemented muslim laws and customs all over. ○​ Religious tolerance​ ​ The ottoman empire practiced religious tolerance, however, non muslims had to pay a special tax, but were allowed to freely practice their religion and were also permitted to convert to Islam. ○​ Zamindars ​ Were the lower ranking Hindu government officials who carried considerable power and authority in their local districts. ○​ Akbar and Aurangze: comparisons ​ Akbar took the throne after Babur. He used heavy artillery cannons, firearms, and diplomacy to place almost all of India under his rule. He was religiously tolerant and respectful to non muslims. He gave lower-ranking government official jobs to Hindus who received farmland as their salary. 13  ​ Aurangze was one of the most controversial rulers of the Mogul Empire. He tried to reform Indian society according to his moral standards by banning drinking and gambling, the Hindu practice of burning widows with their husbands’ corpses called suttee, and illegal taxes. He tried to eliminate social evils and reversed religious tolerance by prohibiting and destroying Hindu temples and forcibly converting them to Islam. However, he did greatly expand the empire’s territory and bring the empire to its height. ○​ Sikhism: main teachings ​ Main teachings: Everyone is a child of god and all faiths are different paths to the same god. ​ Originated in Punjab, northern part of Mogul empire ​ Gurus: ​ Nanak was the first guru who established sikhism ​ Arjun combined all the sikh teachings and made it into a holy book of sikh called the Adi Granth, and he built the Darbar Sahib (golden temple) ​ Gobind singh appointed the Adi Granth as his successor ​ Chapter 7 ○​ Ming dynasty governance: how they governed ​ Ming Hong Wu established the Ming dynasty ​ The Ming emperors extended Chinese rule into Mongolia and central Asia. They strengthened the Great Wall and made peace with the troublesome nomadic tribes. They established a centralized bureaucracy, based on the civil service exam, and a nationwide school system. The production of food and manufactured goods increased, and the Great canal which connected the rivers of China was renovated, which made it 14  possible to ship grains and other goods from the south to the North. All these achievements brought prosperity to China. ○​ Qing dynasty emperor kangxi ​ He centralized the power, established a tax reform and effective bureaucracy, and reformed the military. He also calmed unrest along the northern and western frontiers by force, crushed revolts led by Ming generals, pacified nomadic tribes in the north, showed a cultural tolerance, and supported art and literature ○​ How did manchus deal with the problem of ethnic and cultural difference between themselves and the chinese people ​ Manchus preserved their distinct, unique cultural identity by making it a legal code, where Manchus were the ruling class and could get land and salaries. Additionally, they gave low ranking positions to the Chinese to win their support. ​ They forced the Han to adopt manchu customs such as the queue, which was a type of manchu hairstyle. ( see pic below) 15  ○​ Christianity and trade in china ​ Trade: The Qing dynasty limited foreign activities to Guangzhou. They restricted trade due to silver floss, as it was the national currency of China and they could not buy as much as it meant they had to use more silver while they underwent economic decline. ​ The Chinese government controlled commercial activities and viewed trade and commerce as inferior to agriculture. ​ Christianity: Kangxi’s successors, despite Kangxi’s tolerance to Christianity, began to suppress it in order to preserve Chinese culture (Confucianism) and prevent western influence. They wanted to maintain Chinese custom and religion. ​ When Jesuit missionaries destroyed a local temple, Hideyoshi prohibited christian activity in Japan and persecuted Chrstians. ○​ Decline of ming and qing dynasty: what led to ming dynasty’s downfall 16  ​ Ming: Government corruption, internal power struggle, high taxes caused by lack of money (all of it used for military expenses) which led to peasant unrest, crop production decline due to famine, the Black death (wiped 50% of the population), peasant revolts, specifically, Li Zachang’s revolt, and finally the invasion of the Manchu tribes led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty. ​ Qing: Government corruption, higher taxes, unrest in rural areas, and rapid population growth which put pressure on land, leading to economic hardships and decline which triggered peasant revolts, such as the White Lotus rebellion. ○​ 3 japanese generals and politicians that led to the unification of japan: ​ Oda Nobunaga initiated the process of unification by restoring a stable government and unified about half of Japan. He used gunpowder efficiently and developed the ranks of fire instead of individual shooters. ​ Tokugawa Ieyasu was a powerful daimyo of Edo (Tokyo) and came into power after Hideyoshi, and he centralized and unified Japan under his rule. He took advantage of the time when all the daimyos used their power and money in the Imjin war and shogun. He brought an era of peace and prosperity called the Great Peace. ​ Toyotami Hideyoshi conquered all of Japan, built the foundation of unification, and launched a grand invasion against Joseon (Korea– Imjin War) with a goal of conquering Ching to become central authority but failed. ○​ Hostage system ​ Tokugawa rules established the hostage system where every daimyo was required to have a house in Edo, the capital where the rulers lived. Their family must live there, even if they leave Edo, to prevent daimyos from rebelling. 17  ○​ Social class of japan ​ Emperor → shogun → daimyo → samurai → ronin (freelancer samurai) → peasants → artisans → merchants → eta (butchers/executioners) ​ Further details: ○​ Emperor: He was at the top of the political and social structure but he didn’t actually rule, he was a symbol of the country ○​ Warrior class: four different classes ​ Above warrior class: shogun → supreme rulers right below the emperor → distributor of rice ​ Daimyo: received land and rice in exchange for service to shogun ​ Samurai: in exchange for their military service, they received rice or payment from the Daimyo ​ Ronin: homeless samurai → freelancer samurais that travel around the country seeking jobs ○​ Peasants (farmers): ​ Often poor, however, considered as important people because they are the ones who produced rice ​ Pretty well respected to a certain extent ○​ Artisans: ​ Craftspeople, the ones who make swords, shoes, etc. ○​ Merchants: ​ Considered the lowest of the lowest because they technically don’t produce anything, they 18  make money off of selling other people’s products ​ Later on merchant class becomes one of the more important classes because the country becomes more capitalistic ○​ Eta: means dirty in japanese ​ Butchers and executioners ​ Untouchables ​ The lowest of the lowest: not considered human, laws were superbly strict on these people ​ Hairstyle, residence, and clothing was all regulated by law ​ Chapter 8 ○​ Know all the scientists briefly→ what they did (matching questions + 2 bonus questions) ○​ Montesquieu, separation of power check and balances ​ Separation of power: 3 branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial 19  ​ Power is shared between them and the system of checks and balances means that each branch checks the other to ensure that no branch has too much power ○​ Diderot: ​ Encyclopedia ​ Spread enlightenment, went against superstitious and religious views, and supported religious tolerance ○​ Deism ​ Religious philosophy based on reasons and natural laws ​ What is the belief of deism? ​ Newton said the world can be explained through math and natural laws ​ Deism was built based on Newton’s perception of the world being a machine ​ God is a mechanic who built the “world machine” ○​ The universe is like a clock ○​ You just put a battery in the the lock and let it run without any interference ○​ God is a clockmaker, created the universe, set the clock in motion and allowed it to run without his interference according to its own natural laws ○​ Adam smith: laissez -faire → three roles of the government ​ The three roles of the government: to protect the society from invasion, protect citizens from injustice, and provide infrastructure. ​ Laissez-faire: economic doctrine that argued that the state should not interfere with the free play of individual economics, and that if the individuals were free to pursue their own interests, all of society would benefit. ○​ Popular sovereignty 20  ​ Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s theory that the power of government came from the people, and sovereignty belonged to the people as a whole and cannot be shared or divided. The rulers should only serve as representatives of the people’s sovereignty. ○​ 3 enlightened absolute monarchs: what they did briefly, overview ​ Frederick the Great: introduced enlightenment idea based policies, abolished torturing except in the case of treason and murder, granted limited freedom of speech and press, provided greater religious tolerance, and expanded public education. ​ Catherine the Great: interested in enlightenment ideas, but did not take any action as she knew that she needed the support of nobles, carried out territorial expansion to the south (black sea by defeating Ottoman Turks) and to the west (claimed 50% of Poland’s territory). ​ Joseph II: abolished serfdom, eliminated the death penalty, established the principle of equality before law, enacted religious reforms and religious tolerance. This angered the nobles, due to serf freedom, angered the Catholic Church, due to religious tolerance, and the peasants, who were simply confused. His successors undid almost all of his work. ○​ Baroque and rococo ​ Baroque: big, intimidating, bold, meant to display grand magnificence and glory ​ Rococo: gentle, charming, soft, graceful, meant to express pleasure, love, and happiness. ○​ Cause of Austrian succession war and seven years war ​ Frederick invaded Silesia while not recognizing the legitimacy of empress Maria Theresa, which led to the war of Austrian Succession between Prussia and Austria. 21  ​ Seven years war happened later as although the Aix-la-Chapelle treaty ended the war, it guaranteed the return of all the territories gained during the war except for Silesia. ​ Britain and Russia vs. Russia, France and Austria. ​ Russia pulls out out of adoration to Prussia, causes stalemate (desire for peace) ​ War ends and Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia, and officially recognizes it as Prussian territory ○​ Cause of American revolution ​ ○​ Treaty of paris ​ French and Indian War because the french and indian were fighting against british colonists ​ They fought over Quebec and Ohio River Valley ​ The british captured Montreal the capital of the french colony and ohio river valley and the french were forced to make peace → british win the war ​ Treaty of Paris meant that the French ceded Canada and land east of the Mississippi river to the british. ○​ Thomas jefferson ​ Author of the declaration of independence and an american revolutionary ​ He was heavily influenced by enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke ​ He was a supporter of the enlightenment ​ He had his own political thoughts and theories ​ He did not trust strong central government ​ He favored republicanism → he was a republican 22  ​ He had a strong belief in the religious freedom and separation of church and state ○​ Not to make laws based on religion ​ His political principles and views on religious freedom later affect the constitution ​ He will become the 3rd president of US ​ Doubles the size of US ​ Louisiana purchase ​ Set standard for presidency ​ Weak executive power ○​ James Madison ​ US constitution was mainly written by James Maddison → master builder ​ He believed in the division of powers ​ To make sure no one branch had too much power 23