Final Exam Review PDF

Final Exam Review  Chapter 8 Nag Hammadi Library: Collection of Early Islam and its spread non-canonical Christian texts from the 300s CE Muhammad and his followers then...

Final Exam Review  Chapter 8 Nag Hammadi Library: Collection of Early Islam and its spread non-canonical Christian texts from the 300s CE Muhammad and his followers then waged jihad against Mecca Found in Egypt and preserved due to the dry climate Jihad means “struggle” and there are Originally hidden after the non-canonical 4 types texts were banned Jihad of the Heart: resisting the Devil and temptation 536 CE: The worst year ever? Jihad of the Tongue: speaking honestly Multiple volcanic eruptions created year-long and spreading Islam winter temperatures in the northern Jihad of the Hand: doing what is right and hemisphere Crop failures and wars broke out as a resulted combating injustice Jihad of the Sword: armed fight; holy Probably contributed to the collapse of multiple empires warfare Exacerbated by the Plague of Justinian that broke out 5 years later  Chapter 9 Changes to religion in Post-Gupta The Sogdian traders lived along India the central section of the Silk Road Devotion to specific gods, such as in the Eurasian Steppe Shiva and Vishnu, replaced Rather than build a state through Brahminical rituals military might, they built an This devotional worship, called economic powerhouse bhakti, is emphasized in religious texts called the Puranas The Sogdians were Persian in New states in southeast Asia language and religion but had influences from India and the Greek Many had a thalassocracy: A worlds primarily maritime or seaborne empire Sogdian merchants traveled afar Includes Srivijaya and Java along the Silk Road in a trade Capitalized on trade between India and diaspora China  Chapter 10 Religion in Mesoamerica The Popol Vuh Political institutions were Meaning “The Book of Council” explained through the mythical Mayan mythology pertaining to the origins of the gods and humanity Tollan or “the place of reeds” The exploits of the hero twins Hunahpu & This was a paradise where human Xbalanque and animal life began, which was Cahokia ruled by the feathered serpent Most well-known Mississippian settlement who the Aztecs called at the confluence of the Illinois and Quetzalcoatl Mississippi rivers As the creator of the universe, Had a population 10,000 – 30,000 the calendar, and maize, this god By 1200 CE, one hundred mounds had to sacrifice himself to renew surrounded a central 4-tiered pyramid the universe’s creative powers Not all mounds were burials. Some were platforms for important buildings  Chapter 11 Society in Medieval Europe Mansa Musa Even into the 11th century, people were Ruled Mali 1312 – 1337 CE focused on self-sufficiency Famously went to hajj to Mecca in 1325 Serfs, peasants tied to the land they worked, While in Cairo, he gave away so much were under the authority of landowners gold that the price of gold in Egypt fell This system is known as feudalism. dramatically Empress Theodora of Byzantine As he was not the only Mansa to go on Ruled 842-856 CE hajj, the strong religious connections Ruled for her son Michael III between West Africa and the Muslim Permanently settled the iconoclasm debate world are evident Canonized as a saint for this Expanded the empire, adding Gao and Maintained Byzantine military superiority over the Timbuktu into its borders Bulgarians and Abbasids Brought Muslim scholars to his empire, Deposed by her own son and sent to a convent establishing Timbuktu as an education Her son Michael III was assassinated by his co-ruler center She died in 867 at age 52  Chapter 12 Thomas Aquinas Sufi Islam developed as an Lived 1225-1274 CE alternative, mystical form of Islam that emphasized personal experience with Dominican friar and priest the divine over obedience to scripture Ascribed to the cathedral school idea of Zhu Xi (1130-1200) was the most bringing together Aristotelian logic and influential Neo-Confucian scholar was Christianity. reintroduced humanistic learning and This combination of logic, science, and infused education with moral purpose Christianity is known as natural theology He saw the government schools as His work was influential in sparking sterile, and his model led to the discussions about human liberty and founding of 140 schools moral limitations of government Ironically, later dynasties would use His best known work is the Summa Zhu Xi’s teachings as the backbone of Theologica the civil service exams  Chapter 13 The Eastern and Roman churches finally Genghis Khan (born Temujin) was broke in 1054 CE when the Pope in Rome born into a tribe on the margins of and the Patriarch in Constantinople the Jin state in 1162 CE expelled each other from the church. During this childhood, the Mongols This event that permanently fractured were not united and frequently the Christian world is known as The fought with each other Great Schism Genghis was orphaned at 9 and 1st Crusade abandoned by his father’s tribe After receiving an appeal from the Byzantine He built a following due to his emperor to help fend off the Seljuk Turks, Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) called for success as a warrior the 1st Crusade in 1095 By 1206, he had built a large 1095 to August 1099 confederation of tribes and was To attract warriors, the church promised full named Genghis “oceanic” the Great forgiveness of sins for anyone who agreed to Khan fight  Chapter 14 The Black Death Zheng He was born into a Muslim family and 1346-1353 CE was made a member of the imperial eunuch Caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria and spread by guards of Yongle as a youth rat fleas He was given a fleet of 63 ships with 28,000 sailors Believed by many to have originated in central Asia, Voyages in 1405 and 1407 established Chinese traveling westward along major trade routes dominance across southeast Asia Spread to Europe in 1347 CE when the Golden Horde was Zheng He sailed as far west as the east African coast on sieging the Genoese trading city of Jaffa in the Crimean his 4th voyage peninsula Zheng He died on his 7th voyage in 1430 The Golden Horde used biological warfare by loading plague bodies into catapults and flinging them over the city walls After Zheng’s death, voyages stopped as the Ming The Genoese fled back to the Italy on their boats in an dynasty faced renewed threats from the Mongols attempt to escape the plague, but they unknowingly brought it with them. Militarization of the Japanese ruling class intensified in the 14th and 15th centuries Giovanni Boccaccio of Florence wrote extensively during the plague years Samurai were warriors that owned estates His most famous work The Decameron is set During these civil wars, Samurai families gained during the plague and features a group of nobles control of more land hiding in a country estate, telling stories to each These new shoguns and samurai came out of the other. civil wars as wealthy patrons of art and literature  Chapter 15 The have enough land to house their Each Inca emperor or Sapa “unique” growing population, the Aztecs sought to add more territory to the learned to reclaim land from the lake empire using a technique called Each Sapa was said to be descended Chinampas from the sun and acted as the These Chinampas were long, narrow sustainer of all humanity terraces built with dredged mud, reeds, and rocks bordered by interwoven sticks and trees The Inca left behind the story of their history in knotted-string records called khipus, but these have not been deciphered.