Aquaculture Engineering PDF

AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING 01 Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering ABEn 165 – Aquaculture Engineering Learning Outcomes 1. Define aquaculture engineering 2. Explain the goals of aquaculture engineering. 3. Know how to classify aquaculture facilities and production systems, based on the tec...

AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING 01 Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering ABEn 165 – Aquaculture Engineering Learning Outcomes 1. Define aquaculture engineering 2. Explain the goals of aquaculture engineering. 3. Know how to classify aquaculture facilities and production systems, based on the technology or the production system used. 4. Discuss the importance of aquaculture engineering Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering 1.1Definitions and General Overview Definitions and General Overview Aquaculture - is the science and technology of producing aquatic plants and animals. It is often equated to water farming or underwater agriculture and is the production of aquatic organisms for human consumption. - the art of cultivating the natural produce of water; the rearing or fattening of fish in an enclosed ponds. - rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. - is also referred to as fish farming. The seafood that you find at your local grocery store is likely labeled as farmed fish. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Definitions and General Overview Aquaculture can happen all over the world, and it does: in coastal ocean waters, freshwater ponds and rivers, and even on land in tanks. As aquaculture continues to grow at a rapid pace, understanding the engineering behind aquatic production facilities is of increasing importance for all those working in the industry. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Definitions and General Overview Aquaculture Engineering - requires knowledge of the many general aspects of engineering such as material technology, building design and construction, mechanical engineering and environmental engineering applied in the production of aquatic species. - It involves in: a) Construction and design of aquatic production facilities b) Water transportation and treatment c) Different production units d) Feed and feeding systems e) Instrumentation and monitoring Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Definitions and General Overview Aquaculture Engineering - It involves in: a) Construction and design of aquatic production facilities b) Water transportation and treatment c) Different production units d) Feed and feeding systems e) Instrumentation and monitoring f) Fish transportation and grading g) Cleaning and waste handling Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering 1.2 Classification of Aquaculture Classification of Aquaculture There are several ways to classify aquaculture facilities and production systems, based on the technology or the production system used. ‘Extensive’, ‘intensive’ and ‘semi-intensive’ aquaculture are common ways to classify aquaculture based on production per unit volume (m3) or unit area (m2) farmed. a) Extensive Aquaculture - involves production systems with low production per unit volume. - The species being farmed are kept at a low density and there is minimal input of artificial substances and human intervention. - A low level of technology and very low investment per unit volume farmed characterize this method. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture a) Extensive Aquaculture Figure 1. Tilapia in natural ponds Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture a) Extensive Aquaculture - involves production systems with low production per unit volume. - The species being farmed are kept at a low density and there is minimal input of artificial substances and human intervention. - A low level of technology and very low investment per unit volume farmed characterize this method. b) Intensive Aquaculture - production per unit volume is much higher and more technology and artificial inputs must be used to achieve this. - The investment costs per unit volume farmed will of course also be much higher. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture b) Intensive Aquaculture - production per unit volume is much higher and more technology and artificial inputs must be used to achieve this. - The investment costs per unit volume farmed will of course also be much higher. - The maintenance of optimal growth conditions is necessary to achieve the growth potential of the species being farmed. - Additional feeding, disease control methods and effective breeding systems also characterize this type of farming. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture b) Intensive Aquaculture Figure 2. Salmon farming production system Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture c) Semi-intensive Aquaculture - The combination of extensive and intensive production systems. - An example is intensive fry production combined with extensive ongrowing. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture d) Super-intensive Aquaculture - These are technologically advanced systems designed for the highest possible stocking densities and yields. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture e) Polyculture Aquaculture - Raising multiple species together to improve efficiency and yield. Often seen in extensive and semi-intensive systems. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture f) Monoculture Aquaculture - Raising a single species in a controlled environment. Common in intensive and super-intensive systems. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture g) Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) - Involves cultivating species from different trophic levels in the same system, each providing a benefit to the other. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: a) Ponds - Earthen ponds are the most traditional and widely used. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: a) Ponds - Earthen ponds are the most traditional and widely used. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: a) Ponds - Earthen ponds are the most traditional and widely used. b) Cages - Usually placed in open water bodies like lakes or coastal areas. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: b) Cages - Usually placed in open water bodies like lakes or coastal areas. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: a) Ponds - Earthen ponds are the most traditional and widely used. b) Cages - Usually placed in open water bodies like lakes or coastal areas. c) Pens - Enclosures within a water body but restricted by nets or other barriers. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: c) Pens - Enclosures within a water body but restricted by nets or other barriers. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: d) Raceways - Channels with a continuous flow of water. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 1. Open Systems: These are systems where there is a constant exchange of water. They include: d) Raceways - Channels with a continuous flow of water. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 2. Semi-closed Systems: These are systems that allow limited water exchange. a) Flow-Through Systems - Water flows through the system but is not recirculated. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 3. Closed Systems: These systems recirculate water and have no exchange with natural water bodies. a) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): - Highly controlled environments with water treatment components. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 3. Closed Systems: These systems recirculate water and have no exchange with natural water bodies. a) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): - Highly controlled environments with water treatment components. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 3. Closed Systems: These systems recirculate water and have no exchange with natural water bodies. a) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): - Highly controlled environments with water treatment components. b) Aquaponics - Integrates aquaculture with hydroponic plant cultivation. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology 3. Closed Systems: These systems recirculate water and have no exchange with natural water bodies. b) Aquaponics - Integrates aquaculture with hydroponic plant cultivation. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Based on Technology d) Hybrid Systems: - Combines features from both open and closed systems. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture According to the type of farming technology used there are also a number of classifications based on the design and function of the production unit. This will of course be species and life-stage dependent. For fish the following classifications may be used: 1. Closed production units - where the fish are kept in a enclosed production unit separated from the outside environment. 2. Open production units - where the unit has permeable walls, such as nets and so the fish are partly affected by the surrounding environment. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture It is also possible to classify the farm based on where it is located: within the sea, in a tidal zone or on land. Land-based farms may be classified by the type of water supply for the farm: water may be gravity fed or pumped. - In gravity systems the water source is at a higher altitude than the farm and the water can flow by gravity from the source to the farm. - When pumping, the source can be at an equal or lower altitude compared to the farm. - For tidal through-flow farms, water supply and exchange is achieved using the tide. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Classification of Aquaculture Farms can also be classified by how the water supplied to a farm is used. - If the water is used once, flowing directly through, it is named a flow- through farm. - If the water is used several times, with the outlet water being recycled, it is a water re-use or recirculating system. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering 1.3 Importance of Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering In reality ✓ Rapid increase in population Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering In reality ✓ Rapid increase in population ✓ Near approach to maximum sustainable yields (MSY) of the oceans and major freshwater bodies - overfishing of our ocean and other natural resources - estimate that the annual catch of edible marine protein has already passed its peak - oceans cannot naturally provide the demand for seafood Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering Solutions: ✓ Increase in production of agronomic crops Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering Solutions: ✓ Increase in production of agronomic crops ✓ Massive investment in Aquaculture Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering Facts: - Aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing impressive growth in the supply of fish for human consumption (FAO, 2018). - Capture fisheries production has already leveled off and substantial increases is remote. Insight: - ……by 2030, fish supplies are estimated to be dominated by aquaculture and only less than half of the world’s seafood will originate from capture fisheries (FAO, 2001a)... Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Importance of Aquaculture Engineering Insight: - ……by 2030, fish supplies are estimated to be dominated by aquaculture and only less than half of the world’s seafood will originate from capture fisheries (FAO, 2001a)... - This trend would most probably continue because of the projected steady increase in Asian population. Furthermore, malnutrition problems still persists in the region (FAO, 2001a). Therefore, aquaculture will play an even more significant role for food security in the coming years. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering 1.4 Role of Engineers Role of Engineers Artificial propagation of fish became very complex over the years Understanding physical, chemical and biological processes It is concerned with the design and development of effective aquacultural systems for marine and freshwater facilities. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Role of Engineers Designing an aquaculture system, tanks, cage and ponds (includes carrying out the calculations for water flow, the material resistance and the adequacy to the species). Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Role of Engineers Designing, selection or building of equipment involved in aquatic production systems. Maintenance, adaptation and repairing of specific aquaculture equipment Designing and setting up equipment for energy supply, water quality control and security measures. Designing and setting up of specific equipment related to feed manufacturing, feed maintenance and durability, food processing and quality control. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Role of Engineers Designing, selection or building of equipment involved in aquatic production systems. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering Assignment 1.1 You are an AB engineer hired to develop an aquaculture project in a coastal region that has been severely affected by overfishing. The local government is looking to restore fish populations and create sustainable employment opportunities for the community. The area has the following characteristics: Water Quality: The coastal waters are generally clean, but there are occasional issues with algal blooms. Land Availability: The region has limited land area available for large fish farms. However, there is access to some coastal areas where small-scale operations could be set up. Community: The local population has a strong tradition of fishing but limited experience with modern aquaculture techniques. They are eager to learn and participate in new opportunities. Environmental Concerns: There is a high emphasis on protecting the local marine ecosystem, which includes sensitive coral reefs and diverse marine life. Economic Factors: The community has limited financial resources but is willing to invest in sustainable projects that could lead to long-term economic benefits. Question: Given the characteristics of the region, should the community adopt an extensive or intensive aquaculture approach? Explain your reasoning, considering the environmental impact, economic viability, and the potential for sustainable development. Aquaculture Engineering Module 1 | Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering End of Presentation Up Next | Module 2. Survey of Aquaculture Systems in the Philippines