World History Review PowerPoint PDF

Unit One: River Valley Civilizations World History Fall Final Review  Early Man Many scientists believe in the "out of Africa theory" in which says that homo sapiens made their way out of Africa and spread to other parts of the world. Many scholars think that our ancestors believ...

Unit One: River Valley Civilizations World History Fall Final Review  Early Man Many scientists believe in the "out of Africa theory" in which says that homo sapiens made their way out of Africa and spread to other parts of the world. Many scholars think that our ancestors believed in Animism- the idea the world was full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams.  The Neolithic Revolution they learned to farm, build permanent settlements and domesticated animals. This transition from nomadic life to settled farming brought about such dramatic changes in way of life that it is often called the Neolithic Revolution.  River Valleys These rivers provided a regular water supply and a means of transportation. 5 Characteristics of Civilization 1. Government 2. Cities 3. Social Structure 4. Record keeping/writing 5. Art and Technology  Which River Valley Civilization Ziggurats, hardened clay tablets with cuneiform, Hammurabi's Code all are characteristics of? Mesopotamia (need to recognize it on a map)  Which River Valley Civilization The Abbasids were located in the? Fertile Crescent  Polytheism? What is polytheism? The belief in many Gods. Rosetta Stone This flat, black stone Used to help understand Egyptian hieroglyphs.  Unit Two: Classical Asia World History Fall Final Review  Hammurabi’s Code Many of the laws were custom in the region but Hammurabi wanted to ensure that everyone in his empire knew the legal principles his government would follow. He had artisans carve nearly 300 laws on a stone pillar for all to see. Hammurabi’s Code was the first important attempt by a ruler to codify all the laws that would govern a state. It established the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society. The ideas of the code would be reflected in future societies. [codify= written record of laws]  R.V.C. Evidence of Urban planning A notable feature of Mohenjo-Daro and a few smaller sites is how carefully planned they were. Mohenjo-Daro was laid out in an organized pattern, with long, wide main streets and large rectangular blocks. Most of its houses were built with baked clay bricks of a standard size. From such evidence, archaeologists have concluded that these Indus cities had a well-organized government. Reincarnation is a What major world belief of both religions believe Hinduism and in reincarnation? Buddhism  Buddhism 4 NOBLE TRUTHS (end desire and suffering) 1. All people suffer and know sorrow. 2. Desires cause suffering (in other words, people suffer because they try to get things they cannot have). 3. End suffering by eliminating desires. 4. Eliminate desire by following the Eightfold Path.  Caste System The main difference between the caste system and the social structure of the Han was the Han placed bureaucrats rather than priests at the top of their social hierarchy.  The Gupta Dynasty Mathematics: Numerals, concept of zero, decimal system. Sanskrit - The classical language of Indian and the liturgical language of Hinduism Revival of Hinduism Medicine: herbal remedies, surgeries, vaccinations against smallpox.  What philosophy is Confucianism? based on ensuring social order believes and good in social order government? and good government  The Qin Dynasty In 221 b.c., Zheng proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi , or “First Emperor.” terra cotta soldiers Legalism- Chinese policy of strict legal control, a system of rewards and punishments uniform for all classes, and an absolute monarchy  What Chinese concept Thejustified allowed Mandate of successful Heaven rebellions justified in the transfer of power to rebellion create stability and unify their people?  TheWhat Chinese Mandate of concept Heaven is allowed justified different thansuccessful other governments bctransfer rebellions in the the belief of that the power leaderstability to create is chosen and bytheir unify the gods people?  The Silk Road The ancient trade What was the Silk network that existed for centuries Road? that connected Europe, India, and Asia.  Caste System Lacked social mobility…People were born into their social class and had to marry and stay in that class their entire life. What do they have in common? Confucianism, 10 Commandments and the EightFold Path all have the concept of a behavioral code  Unit Three: Ancient Greece World History Fall Final Review  Greek City-States Mountains and bodies of water divide the peninsula into isolated valleys Geography created/forced independent city-states  Homer's Iliad Tells the story of the Trojan War  Oligarchy What A form of is an Oligarchy? government in which ruling power is in the hands of a few.  Athens Direct democracy ○ The citizens made the decisions and also actively served in government institutions. ○ Pnyx Hill: The assembly met at least once a month. Greek men used stones to vote. Citizenship ○ Landowning men over 30 years of age. ○ Excluded: Women, Merchants, foreigners. Culture ○ Golden Age of Pericles: Democracy Flourished. ○ The Council of 500 (full-time government) ○ Less military emphasis than Sparta. ○ Worshipped the Goddess of Wisdom, Athena. ○ Philosophy and Science- developed as an alternative way to explain the world. The Parthenon Peloponnesian War War that helped unify the Greek city-states  Hellenistic Culture What is an Hellenistic Culture that blended Greek, Civilization? Persian, Indian, and Egyptian customs.  Unit Four: Classical Rome and Christianity World History Fall Final Review  Impact of Geography on Rome The location of the Italian Peninsula allowed Romans control of the Mediterranean Sea and dominate trade,  The Romans were most influenced by... Greeks! Believed much of what the Greeks followed Close in proximity to one such as: another, therefore Rome will - Mythology receive large influences from previous Greek societies - Education - Art - Architecture - Military tactics Roman Government Roman Republic: Government in which power is held by the people and their elected representatives Two major social classes of Rome: 1. Patricians = members of landholding upper class 2. Plebeians = farmers, merchants, and artisans who made up most of the population of Rome, they were citizens, but they had little influence.  Women in Rome -could own property -could make wills -could take part in public life  - The R oman 12 Ta Roman - 12 Ta law s bles g ystem ave sp bles w of An as the cient first c Rome oded legal ecific rules + 12 tables - - Was t it and he ba for bre sis of a k ing th privat o s e righ conse e rules. quenc es Hamm ts for urabi' Roma s Cod ns e wer codes e writ ten la w Causes of the Fall of Rome Economic Political inflation, taxes, inequality, corrupt govt., etc. etc. Invaders/Barbarian Military s military was too big, no Germanic tribes flooded allegiance to Emperor the Western Roman Empire  Rise of the Roman Catholic Church Christianity spread like wildfire due to the vast roads and the unity of the Roman Empire specifically Roman Catholicism Who is the leader of The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic the Catholic Church Church?  Unit Five: Middle Ages - Islamic World World History Fall Final Review  Muhammad the Prophet - He was called to be a messenger of Allah or a prophet  5 Pillars of Faith The core beliefs + practices of Islam Faith Daily Prayer Declaring belief in Allah Pray 5 times a day. as the only God. The Before dawn, noon, most important pillar. mid-afternoon, sunset, and midnight Charity Fasting Pilgrimage/Hajj 2.5% of income should No food or drink during Mandatory requirement go to charity. Many give daylight during to take a pilgrimage to more than this Ramadan. 29 days of Mecca. fasting ends in feast. After Mohammad died Islam split into Shia and Sunni over leadership  Arabic became the What language unifies language of the the Islamic World? Islamic world  Sharia Law A body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran. - Islamic scholars and theologians organized Islamic moral rules into sharia law.  Golden Age of Islam The Islamic Golden Age time of fascinating scientific, cultural, and economic thriving within the history of Islam, which dated from the 8th to 13th century Trans-saharan Trade Routes Ghana, Mali and Songhai are similar because they were involved in the gold and salt,  Mansa Musa: Mali’s Mansa Musa’s Hajj Greatest Ruler In 1324, Mansa Musa fulfilled one The greatest Mali ruler was of the Five Pillars of Islam by Mansa Musa who came to the making the hajj, or pilgrimage, to throne around 1312. He Mecca. expanded Mali’s borders - Mansa Musa returned home westward to the Atlantic with Muslim scholars, Ocean and pushed northward architects, and teachers. to conquer many cities. During - His pilgrimage helped to his 25-year reign, Mansa Musa promote Islamic education in worked to ensure peace and Mali. order in his empire. He converted to Islam and based his system of justice on the Quran.. Impact of Gold + Salt Trade - As the gold and salt trade expanded, so did the spread of ideas and religion. - - Traders brought their customs and ideas with them as they traveled throughout Africa, helping to spread Islam and the Arabic language to many places.  Purpose of While these religions have many similar characteristics, one of the most significant is religious Judaism that they all follow a code of behavior teachings Others similarities include: - Monotheism: belief in one God Christianity Islam  Unit Six: Middle Ages and Feudal Europe World History Fall Final Review  Rome had the greatest impact on the Byzantine Empire  Justinian *Rebuilt Hagia Sophia *Organized Roman law *Reclaimed old Roman territories  Charlemagne *took of Germany, France and parts of Italy *Crowned Holy Roman Emperor *revived Latin learning *empire collapsed after his death Byzantines influence *missionaries *Eastern Orthodox *Cyrillic alphabet *art and architecture  Feudalism became the form of governing after the fall of the Roman Empire The Church became the unifying force during the Middle Ages Feudal Exchange Land in exchange for service Characteristics of Feudal Society *Decentralized government *Widespread use of manorialism *increased power of the Catholic Church The Great Schism Split in Christianity into Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox How are they similar? Indian caste system and the feudal system in Europe each divide society between hereditary social classes The Crusades The series of wars for the holy lands of Jerusalem. Caused Europe’s economy to collapse due to the growth of trade Magna Carta Royal Charter of Rights agreed to by King John of England. Overall it weakened the power of the English Monarch. The Bubonic Plague/ Black Death Spread to humans from fleas and rats. Killed ⅓ of the population of Europe and millions world wide. The shortage of workers gave serfs more power and weakened the feudal system.  Unit Seven: Middle Ages in Asia World History Fall Final Review Chinese Innovations Gunpowder Abacus Compass Paper Money Advanced Shipbuilding Foot Binding Based on the Confucian belief that women belonged in the home. Symbolized Nobility and Beauty. Allowed women to rise up to the upper classes of society. Pax Mongolica The mongols conquered and secured trade routes between Europe and Asia. A period of peace under the mongol empire. Marco Polo Italian Traveller Observed the Mongols first hand Described the cities of China as prosperous and well run.” Achievements of the Ming Dynasty The Chinese Dynasty that took over after the brief period of Mongol Rule. Restored Chinese Rule Reintroduced Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams Sponsored the voyages of Zheng He Later banned shipbuilding and turned their back on overseas exploration.  Unit 8: Renaissance and Reformation World History Fall Final Review The Renaissance The period of cultural rebirth in Europe. Flourishing of art, philosophy, and literature. Italian City States Became powerful trading cities Gained wealth from trade with constantinople. Dominated shipping in the Mediterranean. Humanism Based on the study of secular topics Emphasized grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and philosophy. Based around the idea that the individual can achieve great things. The Prince by Machiavelli Guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power. Believed deception was sometimes necessary. “It is better to be feared than loved.” “The ends justify the means.” The Printing Revolution Led to millions of books being printed in Europe. The bible was translated into vernacular so it could be read by everyday people. Knowledge greatly expanded. Led to reformers challenging to Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses Initially intended to reform the church. Catholic church had issues like indulgences, corruption, anti-semitism Eventually led to the church splintering into different factions. (different christian branches) Printing Press J. Gutenberg had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation because he invented the printing press. Protestant Reformation Monarchs benefited from joining the PR because it often allowed them to gain more land and challenge the Pope for power Henry VIII Henry wanted to end his marriage because he wanted a new wife, but the Pope said no Henry created a new religion in England The Supremacy Clause allowed Henry to separate from the Catholic Church and start the Church of England John Calvin Believed in predestination which the Church didn't Luther, Henry and Calvin Their ideas contributed to the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church What settled the religious wars in England? The Elizabethan Settlement The Council of Trent Began the Counter-Reformation Intended to address criticism of the church by protestants. Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views. Attempted to reinstate the power of the Catholic Church. Catholic Counter-Reformation Tried to restore the power of the Catholic Church The Jesuits 1540 Society of Jesus Combat heresy Spread the Catholic faith by establishing religious schools. Scientific Revolution Scientific Method Thinkers began to challenge traditional ideas about the universe. Galileo Challenged Church teachings of earth still being the center of the Heavens  Unit 9 Age of Discovery Fall Semester Exam Columbian Exchange The effects of the Columbian Exchange: introduction of new foods and animals to the New and Old Worlds Spread of disease Population decline in Western Africa due to the slave trade Native population decline Expansion of the slave trade Mercantilism Exploration The journeys of Vasco da Gama, Magellan, and Columbus were possible because of the developments of the 1400s like navigational and technological equipment. (compass, sails, rudders, etc.) Aztec and Maya Calendars and the concept of zero both illustrate that Pre Columbian cultures in the Americas were sophisticated in math and science. Natives and Disease The population of natives in the Caribbean declined due to no immunity to European diseases Enlightenment and Revolution Enlightenment J. Rousseau and John Locke both believed that government should be based on the consent of the people (social contract) Enlightenment and Revolution King Louis XVI of France was considered an absolute monarch because he made decisions without congress/parliament or the consent of the people. Enlightenment Philosophers of the Enlightenment believed that society would run better if people used their reasoning skills and followed/recognised laws of nature. Enlightenment Adam Smith believed that an economic system in which prices were determined by supply and demand was the best Constitutional Government What is the main characteristic of a constitutional government? Power is defined and limited by law American Revolution The effects of the American Revolution were: -the colonies are free and clear of British rule -the colonies were recognised as independent -the outcome of winning against an abusive monarch would inspire others around the world to do the same, like in Latin America French Revolution The effects of the French Revolution -no more absolute monarchy -more equality -one house legislature -all adult males could vote -strong feelings of nationalism emerged Napoleon Why did people support Napoleon? They believed he would bring stability to France after 10 years of revolution and the radicals. He would end the many wars they were involved in and get back to what the revolution roots The Congress of Vienna *restored former rulers (legitimacy) *established a balance of power *abolish slavery—William Wilberforce 1833 Slave Trade Bill. *alliances were secretly formed *Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. *France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. Haitian Revolution In 1791, the Haitians rose up in revolt after being inspired by talk of equality and liberty in France Latin American Revolutions The American Revolution, French Revolution and the Enlightenment inspired those in Latin America to rise up and revolt to gain their independence