WHAP Ace Semester Review Slides PDF

WHAP Semester Review presented by ACE In this presentation…. Lesson 01: First Peoples Lesson 02: Empires and Civilizations - Greek and Persian empires - Alexander the Great Shenanigans First Peoples First Farmers Paleolithic: stone age, hunters and Pastoralism: relying on caring for gatherers (before farming) animals as a food source Neolithic: transition to agriculture, - Extremely egalitarian 10,000 - 12,000 years ago - Flat grasslands, harder to farm - Humans hunted and gathered 95% - Follow animals of the time Homo sapiens emerged in Africa this is great! 200,000 years ago - New tech like stone blades and tools made of bones appeared - Culture can be seen through burial practices - Humanity almost went extinct 70,000 years ago, but grew back Early Civilizations Earliest civilizations emerged ~3500 BCE Norte Chico, Peru, Andes mountains: to ~3000 BCE - Fishing industry Mesopotamia - Less distinct economy - Probably earliest written language - Smaller cities, largest city was Caral - Competing city states (not uniﬁed) - No writing and few artworks - Relied on Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but they were unpredictable Indus Valley, present-day Pakistan: - Open and ﬂat, open to intruders - Large and elaborate, well-planned Egypt cities and irrigated agriculture - Pharaohs and pyramids - Writing - Uniﬁed - Likely no political hierarchy - Relied on the Nile river, protected - Environmental degradation/Climate them from the south change led to abandonment - Vast deserts on all sides Early Civilizations Early China, ~2200 BCE: Oxus, Central Asia: - Legendary monarch in the Xia - Aristocratic social hierarchy dynasty, Wu, organized public works - Large towns based on irrigation evident of a strong government agriculture and stock raising - Shang and Zhou dynasties expand - Had extensive trade networks - Zhou implemented the Mandate of - Fell apart rapidly, but inﬂuences Heaven culture in the Middle East - Writing and Oracle bone readings helped Chinese govern Olmec, Mexico, modern day Veracruz: - Writing, central state, religion - Competing chiefdoms - Primarily agricultural - Large stone heads - Maybe 1st written lang. of Americas - Inﬂuenced Maya and Teotihuacan Empires and Civilizations Persian Empire Persian Empire: large and impressive Deﬁning characteristics: - Imperial system, king as divine - Opulent cities like Persepolis - Zoroastrianism showed the power of the state - Satraps = Governors - Very tolerant of other cultures - Standard coins, road connected - Strong bureaucracy, satraps and empire tax collectors - Friendly to foreign customs - Persian kings ruled as absolute monarchs Achaemenid Dynasty Cyrus (559-530 BCE): Founded the Achaemenid dynasty, Military guy Darius (522-486 BCE): Administrative guy Greco-Persian Wars - Greeks in Turkey revolted and made Greece vs Persia Persia mad Greece - Greece defended Greeks in Turkey - Small city states and “win” - Maritime power Leads to Peloponnesian war - Motivated by concept of “freedom” - End of Greek dominance in the against “tyranny” Mediterranean Persia - Athens vs. Sparta, Navy vs. Land - Centralized state with satraps - Sparta “wins” - Multicultural - Lasts for almost 30 years - Expansionist Alexander the Great Alexander the Great: Prepared to lead a What’d he leave behind? massive Greek expedition against Persia - 18 cities named Alexandria - Uniﬁed factions of Greeks against a - Hellenistic Era (3 major kingdoms) common enemy - Cultural mixing between essentially - Defeated Persia, looted Persepolis, all the ﬁrst Greek civilizations and became “King of Asia” - Culture spread through the cities Siege of Tyre his soldiers lived in after he died - Phonecian city, Persian owners - Island off the Syrian coast - Told Alexander to leave them be - Alexander couldn’t attack over the water so he built a dirt block bridge Hellenistic Era Hellenistic Era: Widespread dissemination of Greek culture - Alexander’s empire divided in three parts - Big cities attracted settlers - Greek cities now more diverse and uniﬁed by large conquest states - Greeks and Macedonians were the “elite” (only 10% of the population) Classical Civilizations Unit 2 In this presentation…. Lesson 01: The Roman Empire and Roman Art Lesson 02: China and Chinese Art Lesson 03: Indian Civilizations and Mesoamerican art Lesson 04: Trade Networks - Silk Roads - Sea Roads - Sand Roads - Mesoamerican Trade Ancient Rome The foundation of Rome Mythical foundation: Romulus and Remus, demi-god babies, and Romulus kills Remus, hence name of Rome - 7 kings of Rome, 4 of which are likely mythical - People of Rome hated tyranny and kings - Overthrew the kings and started a Republic - favored oligarchs, or a group of wealthy elite (patricians) Stealing of Sabine women: the true origins of Rome, barbarians ﬁghting and capturing women for wives Class Divides Plebeians: Poor Patricians: Wealthy, powerful - Plebs demanded more rights when asked to ﬁght a war by Patricians, who were forced to accept - Bread Dole: gave plebs free bread in exchange for ﬁghting, eventually began giving Roman citizens free bread - Legionnaires: Roman soldiers Conflict with Carthage Julius Caesar: comes from a Patrician but broke family, decided *Punic War - Roman wars with Carthage the best way to gain fame was to be First Punic War: ﬁghting for Sicily a military commander - Romans stole boats from Carthage and - Battle of Alesia: Conquered became naval power Second Punic War: ﬁghting to the death Gaul (France) - Roman victories, Carthage surrendered in - Decided not to give up his the second war command and crosses the Third Punic war: Rubicon river with his soldiers, - Carthago Delenda Est, said by Cato the declaring himself dictator for Elder, means “Carthage must be destroyed,” inspired the people life - Battle of Cannae: Hanibull (Carthage - Plebs love Caesar, but general) used elephants in war, Patricians/Senate hated him surrounding the Romans with half the size - They killed Julius Caesar of their army thinking he was a tyrant Rome won all 3 Punic Wars Rome becomes an Empire Five Good Emperors: - Appointed emperors, not hereditary - Caesar’s great nephew, - The emperors were actually Augustus/Octavius, was the ﬁrst Roman qualiﬁed to do their job emperor - Pax Romana: Peak Roman Power, - Called himself Principe instead of emperor, “Roman peace” which meant “ﬁrst citizen” - Ended when Marcus Aurelius - Ruled for almost 40 years! - Had a mixed bag of successes and failures appointed his son, Commodus, as - Great leader, but only fought once due to the next emperor sickness Third Century Crisis: - Rome no longer one piece Aurelian: Restitutor Orbis, “restorer of the world” - Conquered back the Roman guys, i swear i'm not empire a king Why did Rome fall? - Foreign enemies like Gaul (France) and the Goths (Germanic tribes) - Crop failure - Empire split (east and west half) - Climate change, got colder - Overexpansion - Corruption Test Review Extras Government Structure: -Romans took pride in their government, established a Republic after Aristocrats overthrew King -Executive authority with 2 Consuls who were advised by Patrician Senate -New code of laws for Plebs protection, as well as public assemblies and ofﬁce of tribune to block unfavorable legislation -Lots of power in Local Leaders -Balance of Powers between different parts of gov -Mos Maiorum- rule in way of ancestors Diocletian: -Government and economic reforms helped Rome recover from the Crisis of the Third Century -Split Rome into 4 districts with rulers -Persecuted Christians Constantine: -Made Christianity main religion of Rome Roman Engineering: -Buildings such as Pantheon, Colosseum, also good roads and archs, copied a lot of the Greek’s work Early China China - Warring states Qin China: Qin Shihuangdi: - Launched a military Warring states: age of many kingdoms campaign to reunify China ﬁghting to unite China - Embraced Legalism: philosophy - Regional warlords controlled saying that humans are everything impulsive and do bad things - Qin started to ﬁght to consolidate and need strict laws to control - A “search for order” their impulses - Did major work on the Great Wall of China - Super brutal They're all - Lasted only 15 years because haters people hated it (too harsh) Rise of han dynasty - Emperor Wudi established Civil Service Exams in the Han Dynasty - After the fall of Qin Dynasty, the - Focused on the importance of Han Dynasty arose. education, so people had to - Adopted Confucianism: teachings write Civil Service Exams for a founded by Confucius stating that a position in government. natural hierarchy exists, you must (Merit based government) follow your father and the emperor is the father of his country - Confucianism is similar to Legalism but made it moral Wang Mang OH MAN!!! - Wang Mang was a ruler and reformer in the Xin Dynasty (after Han) - Decided to address social problems between the rich and poor by redistributing land & loans to small peasant families - not to rich nobles - However, his attempt didn’t last long, as the nobility kept their authority Deep Social Divides Yellow Turban Uprising: - Peasants suffered in China because of the govt, crop - Landlord class controlled the majority failure, and landlords of land and had access to education - Peasants had to sell land to - Families gained wealth and power landowners to live through both farms and government - Inspired by Daoism, 360,00 bureaucracy peasants rebelled against the - Merchants were despised and tried to Han, reaching numbers as high become landlords as 2 million in 184 CE - Scholar-Gentry class: double rich, - They were suppressed but parents are landowners so they have scared the state (the Han access to education, they are both educated and landowners and make dynasty therefore only lasted even more money 35 more years) Daoism vs Confucianism Daoism: a philosophy connected to Confucianism: a philosophy based on nature, saying that we need to go back natural hierarchies, such as a father to to the natural order of things his son and the emperor to his subjects - Laozi - Confucius: teacher and thinker, - Disengagement from the public students collected his ideas after life that’s so important to he died Confucianism - Key to moral progress was - Abandon education for education for self-improvement self-improvement - If the superior behaved with - Also saw family as important, but sincerity, the inferior will obey roles were more equal - Only superior men took the Civil - Ideology for Yellow Turban Service exam Rebellion Review Chinese Philosophy 1. Warring States Period 2. Qin Unites China, Practices Legalism 3. Legalism- follow law or else 4. Han Unites China, Again 5. Practice Confucianism 6. Confucianism: Legalism + Morality 7. Dissatisfaction of Confucius Hierarchy 8. Legendary Figure Laozi disappears into wild 9. Daoism said could withdraw from world China Test Extras Dynastic Cycles for Qin and Han: Agriculture in China: Qin was the ﬁrst dynasty 221 BCE Qin- - Uniﬁed the warring states - Land reforms let peasants own land - Great Wall of China - Irrigation projects - Declined due to harsh rule Han- Han was the second, 200 BCE to CE - Technological advancements - Confucianism, more moral - Silk Road, production of silk - Growth in agriculture and trade on the Silk Road - Declined due to corruption and peasant rebellions Responses to the Warring states period: - Creation of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as a response to the political instability and warfare World Religions Zoroastrianism 6-7th BCE Buddhism 543 BCE Monotheistic - Ahura Mazda Siddhartha Buddha Constant Battle of Good vs Evil NE India, spread through East Asia Popular in Upper Persia, doesn’t spread Living Simple with only necessary items Alexander and Later Persians don't like Life is cycle Islam took all State Power Away Christianity 1st century Jesus Christ of Nazareth Hinduism Started 2300-1500 BC Israel No single Prophet Spread through Roman Empire Indus River Valley Holy Trinity + Holy Bible Trade Routes around Indian Subcont. 2 major branches of Vaishnavism and Judaism 1000 BCE Shaivism Hebrews Israel Monotheistic, Yahweh Rome vs China General Similarities: Differences - Both around 200 BCE → 200 CE - Make up of society - Heavy focus on public works - Rome: Romans were minority, strong local - China - Great Wall group, citizenship only given when needed - Rome - Rome Roads are Great - China: Han China=Han Chinese, less conﬂict till - Religious Backing to State expansion - Foreign Religions Dominant - Governing - China - Han China one choice of many - Rome: Mos Maiorum, Equal application of laws Buddhism for all, “Balance” of powers, Lots of local power - Rome - State Religion, Christianity Kingdom→Republic→Principate→Dominate (Constantine) - Appealed to poor, life might get better - Both considered outsiders Barbarians - Inﬂuence place where they stayed (Cultural Relativism) - Language also continued - Collapsed because of.. - Overextension of state, internal conﬂicts - Epidemic Disease, Climate Change - Nomadic Invasion India, Africa, and Mesoamerican Art Indian empires Mauryan Empire- 326-184 BCE - Inﬂuenced by Greek and Persia - Alex the Great - Impressive political structure, not as long lasting - State operated most industries - Ashoka - Enlightened Ruler - Wrote his records on edicts on rocks - Govern with Buddhist and Hindu thinking - Ruled with Religious Hindu Backings and Morals - Codes on Rock Pillars by Border Reasons for falling - Ashoka’s Death - Weak Kings post Ashoka - Ashoka’s teaching created vacuum between social classes Indian empires Gupta Empire- 320-550 CE - Much Smaller - Strong Belief in Caste System - Segregation of society based off social class at birth - Strong Cultural Resurgence - Strong economy, ION, traded around world - Reasons for Falling - Invading White Huns - Series of Weak Rulers - Invasions from all sides - Economic Downfall African Civilizations Meroe- 300 BCE - 100 CE Niger River Civilizations Civilization South of Egypt Little coercive Government, couldn’t force power Seemingly more Egalitarian High specialized per village Extensive Trade Networks Semi-Caste based on Profession Ironworks (interact with huge Roman Empire) Lots of trade within Civilization Steep, small pyramids and bracelets Bantu Africa Axum- 50 - 650 CE Slow Spread, Farm Driven, Long time Embrace Christianity when Rome Down Farmers encroach Hunter and Gathers Imperialist Large Population, Had Disease and Iron Tool Wanted to expand trade Falls apart due to Rise of Islam Trade Routes Silk road Land based trade routes linking regions of - Traded predominantly luxury goods Eurasia (like silk) and transportation cost was - Pastoralists herded animals along these high roads - Buddhism spreads from India to China, - Begins in earnest with Han China and appealing to merchants (Universality, it Rome was for all people) - Nobody walks the entire road, relay - Spread through oasis cities, resting trade towns for merchants built for trade - Many empires inhabited parts of the Spread of disease road and tried to conquer it - Plague of Justinian (40% of - Flourished after 600 CE Constantinople dies) disrupts - Large camel caravans conduct most of Byzantine at their height of power the trade Mongols brieﬂy controlled most of the Silk - Silk Road was established in Han road dynasty Pax Mongolica: peace in Mongol empire Sinicization: Spread of Chinese Culture, assimilating others, i.e. Korea and Mongols SEa road (Indian ocean) - Before 1500, it was the biggest Spread of Islam commerce network in the world - Islam was friendly to merchants, aiding - Connected India, China, the Middle East, its spread, Prophet Muhammad was a Africa, and Europe trader - Highly efﬁcient travel using monsoons, - Jizya tax: tax on non-Muslims, seasonal wind currents encourages merchants to convert rapidly - Still mostly transported luxury goods, - Indonesia but were able to transport more bulk and Swahili civilization: things for the mass market due to low - Collection of cities that traded along transport cost East Africa - Junks: boats - Middleman, merchants claim most Strait of Malacca: critical chokepoint power connecting India, East Africa, and China, - Rapid conversion to Islam created ﬁrst civilization to be based purely off Great Zimbabwe: around 1250, traded largely economy. in gold Sand road - Land based trade routes based in the Kingdoms along the Sand Road: Sahara (Trans-Sahara) - Used camels as transportation as they Ghana Empire: Traded in gold and other precious could survive days without water metals - Traded primarily gold, ivory, and slaves - Arab merchants led to the spread of Empire of Mali: Traded in salt, copper, and gold dust; very rich but large divide between the rich Islam and poor; had the king known as Mansa Musa - Mansa Musa: Was the king of Mali from Ibn Battuta: Born in Morocco, Muslim, gave 1312-1337(Peak Malian power when they ﬁrst hand account of areas throughout the controlled most of the gold) and when he Muslim world when he traveled across the made his hajj(pilgrimage) to Mecca, he globe(“The Travels of Ibn Battuta”) gave away $400 billion Kingdom Similarities: Muslim, slave trade, gender equality that goes away over time Mesoamerican Trade Pocheta: Professional Aztec Traders Teotihuacan: Big City, Mexican trading center Aztec Trade was private and land based. Mayan Trade was private and land/sea-based (along the coast). Incan Trade- Public, used big government storehouses and a network of accountants - Road System(20000 miles) - Absence of private trade, gov traded to feed people - Quipus: knotted cords used in accounting The Middle Ages Unit 3 In this presentation…. Lesson 01: History of Islam Lesson 02: China - Tang and Song Lesson 03: Early Christendom Lesson 04: Art and Architecture History of Islam The Worlds of Islam Muhammad’s Early Years - Member of most popular tribe, the Quraysh - Bedouins (nomadic people who herded - Lots of corruption in regards to access animals) inhabit Arabia to the Kaaba - Not uniﬁed, many tribes - Began to meditate outside city of - Traders & warriors (mercenaries) work for Mecca Byzantines and the Sassanid Persians Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca - Many gods, the Kaaba in Mecca serves as Umma: The community of all believers major shrine Dhimmis: Second class/non islamic citizens - Allah: one of many gods, the most Jihad: Struggle, both internal & external important Sharia: Regulations on aspects of religious, political, and social life - Muhammads message united Arabian tribespeople - Great military success convinced other tribes and countries of Muhammad’s righteousness Making of a Caliphate Caliphate: Muslim empire - Massive expansion led to millions of - Soldiers lived near cities but in their own non-Muslim citizens of the Caliphate camps, little interaction with conquered - Two civil wars occured to determine who peoples was the rightful Caliph - United tribes of Arabia ﬁght Byzantine - Sunni vs Shia and Sassanid Sunni: Caliphs are the rightful rulers as they - Once in charge, extremely tolerant of were chosen by the Umma other cultures/religions Shia: The leader of the Umma should be - Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians were descendants of Muhammad and his family protected 2nd class citizens, or dhimmis - Dhimmis paid Jizya, a tax on non-Muslim - Fracturing in the Umayyad caliphate and citizens distrust of the Caliphs- CENTRALIZED - Over time most citizens convert to Islam - Abbasid Caliphate emerges and regional or move out rulers gain most of the power- - Local customs continued in Persia - REGIONAL Islamicized without Arabizing - Spain/Egypt/North Africa begin to rule themselves The case of India - Turks from Central Asia move and spread - Violent - Some Muslim communities attracted to the more egalitarian Islam - Suﬁs, holy men Before Islam: India is primarily Hindu - First major Muslim state is the Delhi Sultanate - India doesn’t assimilate at the same rate as other areas, only 25% of the population converts (in Punjab, Sindh, & Bengal) - Likely due to large population and incompatibility of Islam and Hinduism Sikhism: blended elements of Islam, such as devotion to one universal god, with Hindu concepts like karma and rebirth - Guru Nanak The case of Anatolia - Turks violently invade the dying Byzantine empire, which now is modern Turkey, and wipe out large portions of Byzantine society - Christian & Greek speaking population governed by Byzantine - Much more profound transformation compared to India - Lack of pop. in Byzantium - Turkish invaders made up a huge portion of the population - Discrimination against Christians led them to leave the area - Common beliefs made for easier conversion Seljuk & Ottoman Empires offer incentives for converting - Similar religions, suﬁ teachers establish institutions left behind from Byzantines, Islamization without Arabization More egalitarian treatment of women - Inﬂuence from past nomadic lifestyle Huge public works made for Muslims The case of Africa - Timbuktu: Capital of Mali, many - Voluntary conversion to Islam quranic schools - Facilitated by North African Muslim - Rulers created mosques for merchants bringing their faith to city legitimacy reasons centers - Rulers convert-regular people do not - By converting to Islam, African - Only conversions occur in cities, rural merchants gained advantages in their people did not convert trading - preferential trade - Even when conversion happened, States accepted Islam for many reasons traditional rituals still maintained - Trade - Administrative help - Linking their world to the Muslim world Ibn Battuta - Appalled by the lack of orthodox Muslim practice - Cities like Timbuktu are on the peripheries of the Muslim world and follow their own path The case of Spain - Very far from the Islamic heartland - Main point of contact with Western Europe - Many Christian and Jewish citizens Strong intellectual pursuits - Astronomy, Medicine, Literature, Art, Architecture - Muslim learning gets into Europe from Spain Very tolerant - at ﬁrst - Over time, more distrustful of second class citizens - Constant conﬂict between northern Christian kingdoms and Islamic state in the south of Spain Islamic Achievements After the Abbasids, Islam did not have one Technologies greatly expanded Islamic power ruling nation - Farming practices allowed for population - Loosely connected by Islam & Arabic booms - Hajj connects Islam - Papermaking allowed for governments to - Madrassas: Islamic schools of learning function better teaching the orthodox Islam - Great strides in mathematics and the - Suﬁ orders establish themselves and sciences begin teaching in small communities Baghdad House of Wisdom - Also united by trading networks, the Silk - Academic center that emphasized logic and Sand roads particularly and reasoning - Read Greek literary works - Greek Rationalism - Spread medicinal practices - used in Europe for centuries Extras!! What is dar al islam? - Dar al islam means world of muslim - Refers to any place that is muslim Trade goods in the Islamic world: - People in the Islamic world traded spices, incense, and gold primarily on the silk road Agricultural advancements: - improved irrigation techniques - New crops like sugarcane and cotton were introduced China - Tang and Song China’s Whole Again - Well, not just yet… Fall of the Sui dynasty - After the fall of the Han Dynasty, a period - The harsh military conquest in Korea of chaos emerged once again (Three exhausted the government’s resources, Kingdoms period) setting it up to be overthrown - Northern Nomads diffuse their culture into - Fall of Sui Dynasty (618) was similar to China, disregarding confucianism Qin Dynasty (ruthless, Legalism, falls - Major migrations to the south (Yangzi apart) River Valley) take place for trade and fertile - land for agriculture Next.. The Tang and Song Dynasties = The - The Sui Dynasty (581) rebuilds political Chinese Golden Age unity in and reunites China, or at least tries - Song dynasty merges Buddhist and to Daoist values with Confucianism, birth of - Sui accomplishments: Neo-confucianism - extended canal system linking various rivers, tried to conquer Korea Tang (618-907) - Details - Revived and enforced Civil Service exams The Chinese Economic Revolution - MASSIVE population boom (120 million!) - New Vietnamese rice crop, CHAMPA RICE - Cultural mixing with Northern barbarians - Drought resistant, plant twice a year brings more gender equality - Industrial production, urbanization leads to - Large scale military- expansion along the economic specialization Silk road - Population growth, creates urbanization - China’s economic revolution - Use of coal makes industry production - Agency supervises ofﬁcials skyrocket, but increases pollution End of Tang - Mass production replaces producing for local consumption with the market - Large military - Gunpowder is invented and the Europeans - Military overthrows the government in a “take it and run with it” -Mr. South major rebellion - Even more commercialization is made - Military governor uses huge military in a through the use of paper money revolution - Massive iron industry - Printing press invented Extras: ways to collect taxes- in coins or in kind Song (960-1279) - Details - Not focused on expansion - Women are out of the silk industry, some - Large scale trade work as prostitutes, puts women against - Return to more orthodox (conservative) each other Chinese customs from when China didn’t have so much inﬂuence from the North - View of war shifts from expansion opportunities to being scared of a strong Remember: military altogether, more paciﬁst the military overthrew the - Women are now seen as delicate distractionsgov’t prior to this while men are seen as scholars - Foot binding is a painful process that involves breaking bones of the foot to ﬁt into small shoes - Done to girls at a young age to increase marriage chances because they seem “more delicate” Similarities: Tribute system- forces nomads to recognize - China is uniﬁed China’s superiority in exchange for glory - “Golden Age” of culture - Foreigners perform Kowtow= ritual with - Big bureaucracy, civil service exams more bestowing gifts to Chinese emperor prevalent - regulates relationships with foreign - Massive population booms states for many years - Chinese Economic Revolution - Chinese association gives foreign - Industrial production - coal power makes leaders legitimacy economy commercialized and specialized - Technological innovation (gunpower, printing press) Differences: - Tang’s nomadic inﬂuences make women “out and about” and respected, but Song goes back to confucian ideals - Strong military and expansion vs. trade focus and no desire for expansion Song is home-based and traditional - Song ends interaction with barbarians apart from tribute system Coping With East Asia: Korea - Silla Kingdom allies with China to politically unite the peninsula (688) - China takes this as an opportunity to try assimilating Korea, and is faced with lots of military resistance - Tribute missions facilitate spread of Chinese culture to the Koreas - Confucian ideals create a negative impact on women’s rights - Buddhism is adopted - Korea starts to replicate Chinese court customs for legitimacy - Nevertheless, Korea stays Korean and develops Hangul - Korean writing system/alphabet Coping With East ASia: Vietnam - Similar situation with Korea: adopts culture, but politically independent while utilizing the tribute system - Except it takes longer to become politically independent, because China ruled over it for 1000 years. - China (once again) tries to assimilate Vietnam, met with rebellions that eventually establish a Vietnamese state - The elite dive head ﬁrst into Chinese culture, think of themselves as China’s Southern expansion - Vietnam stays Vietnamese: - Women are respected to choose their own husbands, preferred over men - Chu Nom/Southern Script develops= Vietnamese writing system Coping With East ASia: Japan - Separated from China by ocean, so all cultural borrowing is voluntary - Shotoku Taishi leads effort to model Japanese state after China through tribute missions - By 1000, borrowing comes to an end, now focusing on Japanese tradition - Samurai class emerges, Bushido = ﬁght to the death mentality; warrior ideals - Women still respected → can marry and divorce with ease - Eventual decline of rights/power comes from Samurai relationships, not Chinese confucianism - Not as centralized as China - State is never fully Chinese, aristocratic families end up ﬁghting over power Coping WIth East Asia cont. Overall, the tributary states: - Except Japan, they borrow China’s system - Develop their own writing systems to eventually make their own - Adopt Buddhism , which inﬂuences art and architecture - Mahayana Buddhism= popular version of buddhism that aligns with confucianism → ﬁlial piety - Stayed back from attaining Nirvana. Examples of Bodhisattvas - Theravada Buddhism = people being self-centered and reaching nirvana instead of teaching other buddhists. - Exchange technological advancements - Incorporate Chinese philosophy, aka confucianism into society Early Christendom Versions of Christianity Christianity in Asia & Africa - Middle East Versions of Christianity - - Arab Conquest convert most of Middle East to Islam - Tolerance and Persecution depended on Leader Nestorian Church - Church of the East (China) - Most Christian Communities small, and focused on - Spreads through Eurasia, independent of Rome surviving, not a uniﬁed state - Lost inﬂuence over time, due to pressure to convert to Islam Coptic Christianity - (Egypt) - Roman Christian - Byzantines owned Egypt - Strong incentives to convert to Islam in Major Cities by Northern Nile, south remained Christian - Invasions from outside sources led to 80% Muslim society East African Christianity - Nubian Christianity. - Similar to Egypt, lasts til 1500 CE Ethiopian Christianity. - Strong ties to Judaism and Jerusalem, built tons of Churches to keep traditions alive and differentiate from the rest of Christendom Byzantine Empire - Continuation of Roman Empire in East - Eastern Orthodox Christianity - Constantinople (Capital named after Constantine) Byzantine during Islam’s Rise - Still Recovering from Black Death - 26 year war w/ Sassanid Persians - Nearly Collapses until Heraclius saves Empire, beat Persians w/ ﬁnal push - 6 year: Invasion from Arabia Byzantines vs Arab Conquest - 636 Battle of the Yarmuk - Byz lost even w/ 3 to 1 odds - Arabia take over entirety of Levant right after Byzantine Christianity Eastern Orthodox Church separate from Roman Pope Byzantines + The World and Constantinople - Post 630 under constant Eastern attack Caesaropapism - Relation b/w Pope and State - Major Endpoint of Silk Road - Caesar/King = Pope, Orthodox belief Vital - Maintained much of Greek Knowledge - Greek Fire : technique to throw Flames at Iconoclasm boats, sacred, unknown today - Series of Bad Events (Arab Conq + Disease + - Converted Balkans to Christianity Volcano) - Emperor/Patriarch think God is mad @ them - Bans use of Icons /Pictures of God - Issue fought over 4 civil wars - Social Belief Icons must be destroyed Byzantine Christianity Kievan Rus - - Major Trading Kingdom uniting Russia Heartland - Trying to ﬁgure out which Major Religion to use - Named “Third Rome” following collapse of the Byz due to same Religion - Vladimir the Great 900 - Wanted to convert ppl, religious leaders came and pleaded case - Roman Catholic too far - Islam chill but has no alcohol - Eastern Orthodox perfect Western Christianity/Rome - The invasions of many(Vikings, Germanics) The Church(Roman Catholic Church) caused the fall of Western Rome. - One of few things that binded Western Europe - After, nomadic people create kingdoms, but 25% - Organized similarly to Roman Empire of Europe’s population die from disease, war, - Top down hierarchy(Pope, Cardinals, and starvation. Archbishops) - Since the kingdoms only traded in the Roman - continued government functions such as caring Empire, their roads/connections to others for the poor/sick and providing laws for many decline. different areas - Rome’s prestige continues on, and many wished - Absorbed Pagan(non-Christian) practices to to create their own imperial system based off convert the people of Europe- successful Rome, leading to the Church. - Provided legitimacy to kings throughout Europe Western Christianity/Rome Charlemagne - King of the Franks, Lombards and Romans - Had authority over most of modern France, Germany, and North Italy - Pope granted him title “King of the Romans” Holy Roman Empire - Proclaimed by Otto the Great - Territory contained modern Germany, North Pr Italy ote King - Showed as uniﬁed in maps, but this is inaccurate cti as the “Emperor” was selected by the strongest on states in the “Empire,” who are usually the same Nobles/Clergy es states(Bohemia, Austria) x Ta - Even when elected, they had little power Knights Feudalism: Type of governing system with a strong Peasants/Serfs social hierarchy Western Christianity/Rome Proto- Industrialization(1000-1300) - The peace of this era led to societal/technological advancements: Setting of nomads, Christianization of Europe, Consolidation of monarchical power - However, this led to mass deforestation/diminishing natural resources(tragedy of the commons) - Urbanization starting to take hold - Paris- 80,000 people in 1300 - Rome-peaked at 1 million people - Economic specialization, with trade cities that linked Europe to Constantinople and Muslim lands Western Christianity/Rome Crusades - To defend Byzantine from the Seljuk Turks, Pope Urban II calls for an “armed” pilgrimage - From all over Europe, soldiers come to reclaim the holy land Good - Multiple kingdoms are established in the “Holy Land” for almost 200 years - Merchant connections are established with the Middle East Bad - Violent takeover(crusaders protected from their sins) - Multiple crusades destroy Christian territory-4th - “Heretics”(Jews) in European territory are prosecuted harshly- targeted for mob violence - Few long lasting impacts on conquered regions - 4th Crusade: conquering of Constantinople Western Christianity/Rome Europe Catches Up Pluralism: Variety of power centers in society - Europe was behind in their economic - In Western Europe, power is divided more development compared to everywhere else due compared to other areas to losing contact with Eurasia after the fall of - King/Aristocrats/Church Rome - Shared power but sometimes power - By rekindling trade networks, Europe is opened overlaps up to many technologies like paper, gunpowder - Cities had a lot of power independently and within their kingdoms - Cities like Venice/Genoa/Frankfurt=major trading centers - Urban merchants take advantage and become very powerful and wealthy The Modern Era Unit 4 In this presentation…. Lesson 01: The Mongol Moment Lesson 02: Empires of the 15th Century Lesson 03: The Americas Lesson 04: The Renaissance (art) The Mongol Moment 1200-1450 Northern Steppes Take Over Pastoral peoples ride horses and use More Empires : ﬂexible kinships - Seljuk Turks= Empire just before Their advantages: mobility and Mongols who adopt Islam in Persia, and contribution from the whole population eventually adopt their agriculture as well makes them hard to conquer - Almoravid Empire= African muslims who Pastoral people of the 1200s: take and spread it to Spain and Morocco - Xiongnu Empire= pre-mongols who And ﬁnally, the Mongols : attacked the Han Dynasty, making the - Mongolia is currently divided into emperor recognize them as a state competing tribes, but - Bedouins= Arabs who spread Islam into Chinggis/Genghis/Temujin Khan the Middle East and North Africa unites them - Turkics= muslim raiders and merchants - Becomes the universal ruler of the who attacked (and basically ended) the empire Byzantines - 1206: Had gained a massive following Innovations (stirrups, composite bow, within the Mongol Nation, but what to harness) and skill make them the perfect do with all of this power? military for widespread conquest - Conquer the world! The Mongol Empire Despite its wide expansion, the Mongols Very violent : eliminated entire had little cultural inﬂuence populations because they were “too ○ Let conquered peoples practice their difﬁcult to govern” own religions, as long as they This, along with lowered taxes and free prayed for the Mongols. religion were incentives to surrender Only real religion practiced was Shanman Silk roads are more safe than ever religion with the Sun God Tengri ○ One empire has control of most of Timing was on their side: China and it; had stations set one day’s travel Abbasids were in an already weak state time apart ○ Mongol’s small population makes a need for conquered people: ○ Took Chinese engineers to work for the state, giving promotions based on loyalty and merit Broke up conquered people of the same tribe to decrease chances of rebellion The Mongol Empire Cont. Don’t trade themselves, but encourage it Pax mongolica = peace enjoyed during to collect taxes→safety on the Silk Roads Mongol rule from the consolidation of Pope sends a delegation to compromise empires and convert the Mongols to Christianity ○ All merchants tolerated → no jizya ○ Failed miserably, but made Europeans realize the Mongols were an actual threat Cosmopolitan and religiously free cities Marco Polo makes exchange of ideas → ○ Lays foundation for Europe to become a global power Military tactics: Encirclement= surround city and scare them into surrendering Feigned retreat= retreat and come back stronger, tricks enemy Karakorum= Mongol Capital Conquering Everyone (then losing them) China : Russia : Violent conquest in Northern China, but Depletes political unity in Kievan Rus, accommodated in the South formation of the Khanate of Golden Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty Horde ○ Mongols start to adopt Chinese ○ Conquer without occupation culture, but still stay Mongol- with Accidentally makes Moscow the center women still as nobles of Russia, giving more power to the 1368: China ﬁnally forces Mongols out Orthodox Church with their rebellions, the Ming Dynasty brings back confucian values (yet again) Mongols were ﬁnally kicked out of everywhere Persia : is the 1500s More violence, damaging agriculture - remained a threat until Russian and Culture shifts: Mongols adopt Islam, but it Chinese expansion never spreads past Persia ○ Under Ghazan rule: rebuilds cities, agriculture/irrigation, Persian bureaucracy Empires of the 15th Century North America and Australia + The Timurids - Both places maintained a hunter gatherer The Timurids- Middle East: lifestyle due to the abundance of resources - Turkish tribes led by Timur (Tamerlane) - After 15th century, most of the people are who were trying to revive the Mongol colonized by European and Asian powers Empire from 1350-1405 - Attempt to emulate Chinggis Khan Iroquois- North America: - Developed in tribes that joined together and and ended up conquering Persia, were known as the 5 Great Nations Middle East, and some of India - More matriarchal than other societies- the - The Empire falls apart after his death, but women chose the leaders many of his successors try to emulate - Non-coercive government him - Inﬂuenced by Turkish culture and Persian Igbo- West Africa: inﬂuences - Traded extensively with outside nations, but - One of last major conquests by Pastoral chose to stay a “stateless society”- ends with People Transatlantic Trade - Specialized economy Similarity: Didn’t create kingdoms/have large areas Chinese EmpireS Ming Dynasty Maritime Travel: Zheng He (1405) - The dynasty after the fall of the Yuan - Yongle built a massive ﬂeet to try to get more Dynasty with more Orthodox Chinese tributary states in South Asia- successful, but customs (similar to Song after Tang) not long lasting - Recovery from the Mongols and plague - Zheng He : Muslim Eunuch who was admiral of ship - After Emperor Yongle’s death in 1433, the Emperor Yongle: government stopped the expeditions as the - Created the encyclopedia, which put ofﬁcials thought it drained their resources for together all knowledge, focusing on little gain Confucianist values - Resources needed to be focused on the North - Built Beijing with the Forbidden City (China’s real enemies) - Return of Civil Service exams - Ofﬁcials also had dislike of eunuchs who - Had government eunuchs who were wanted the ﬂeets bureaucrats who were only loyal to the - Ming China struggled with inﬂation, and the Emperor Manchu people of Manchuria claim the Mandate of Heaven Qing China - Expanded and revived Silk Road Islamic Empires Ottomans: Turkish Steppe Tribes that invaded - Devshirme= “The Gathering” Anatolia(Eastern Byzantine Empire) - Ottomans took young Christian - Established after 300 years of conﬂict boys and turned them into between the Byzantine and Seljuk Turks janissaries and bureaucrats - Established a kingdom after crossing into - Converted to Islam/Turkish culture Europe in 1350 and surrounding the Byzantines - Control ends of Silk Road and centers of Islam - Helped in conquering Balkans - Establish themselves as leaders of Muslim World Safavids: Persian Kingdom after the fall of - Sultan has title of Caliph too the Timurids founded by Suﬁ Orders - Rule many Arabian people - Were Shia Muslim even though the rest - Deal with Christian populations by creating 1st of the Islamic World was Sunni Standing Army with Janissaries (Christian - Inﬂuenced by Turkish culture and have slave soldiers), conquering Constantinople their own Persian/Iranian culture /invading Southern Europe, and giving religious freedom to Christians (still have to play Jizya) Religious differences causes conﬂict between the 2 kingdoms Islamic Empires Songhai: West African Kingdom along the Sand Akbar the Great- Mughal Emperor Roads(1400s) - Attempted to reconcile with Hindu majority of - The ruling class was Islamic, but regular India people didn’t convert to traditional Islam - Removed Jizya tax - Timbuktu : a center of Muslim learning with Emperor Aurangzeb- Mughal Emperor lots of trading connections - Reverses Akbar’s tolerance by trying to convert - Conquered many nations for 200 years, and many Hindus made lots of money from gold - Raised taxes to pay for India’s urbanization Mughals: Muslim Turkish people who invade - From 1300-1700, the Ottomans, Safavids, and North India and unify most of India under 1 Mughals are “gunpowder ” nations that state dominated Europe, Africa, and Asia as they had - Mughal = Persian term for Mongols a lot of access to the good - Extremely wealthy - Remains 75% Hindu as the Muslim leaders try Malacca: Major port city that grew rapidly to blend the beliefs together to form a - While most of the Indian Ocean Trading cohesive government network is Muslim, Malacca blends - Has strong hold on India until European Hindu+Buddhist+Islamic traditions expansion(1700s) Europe - From 1347-1351, the Black Death kills ½ of Europe’s population, which leads to monarchies expanding their power - However, this leads to inter-state competition and trade grows stronger Colonization - European powers(Portugal) start sending state sponsored voyages around the West Coast of Africa - Their motivations were monarch prestige, tax collection, Christian Conversion, and overall merchant activity Russian Empire - - City of Moscow had lots of strength because of work with Mongols - Their conquest motivated by defense of themselves and the Fur Trade- easy conquest due to the lack of people living there Ivan the Terrible - Conquest of Siberia by Cossacks(independent horse nomads) using Yasak(tribute)- connected Empire to Western Europe & America Peter the Great - Wants warm water ports- Northern War against Sweden - Russian gains the Baltics, and their capital becomes St. Petersburg - The Americas Eurasian Exploration: Euro Vs. China Europe: China: - Motivation: Ottomans took their way to - Start voyaging because the emperor India, potential Christian converts, wealth (Zheng He) told them to - Small and sad ships - Huge, grand ships - After China stops, Euro escalates : - Eventually, voyages come to a stop: - Competition w/o central power, tribute system makes ﬁnding new trade need money, livestock agriculture partners unnecessary, death of emperor requires more land - Agriculture is intensive, conserving - China’s withdrawal from Indian Ocean land → no need for more allows Euro’s sad ships to come in - Main rival: Steppe nomads - Portuguese takes control Leads to oversea expansion (the Americas) - 1492: Columbus discovers America - Thought going the opposite way they had been would bring him to India, instead brought him to “India” The Native People- Aztecs Aztecs, the warriors: Tenochtitlan: Aztec capital Mexica people who stumbled into Southern Mexico, - Grows rapidly, with nearly 200000 people claiming lineage to Toltecs - Huge amount of trade occurring - Semi-nomadic warriors - Splendor impressed the Europeans who - Proﬁciency as ﬁghting but created conquered conquered later people badly(led to lots of rebellion) - Due to the Ottomans, Europe was blocked - Operate like rome/sui dynasty : people must from the Silk Road unless they paid money, answer to ruler (sparks rebellion), forced public projects, taxes or kind so the Europeans started to seek new ways - Conquest to gain tribute and human sacriﬁce to get to Asia - Also slave trade, but many ended up as - Overall, a lot of globalization and connected sacriﬁce empires - Pochteca = professional and wealthy merchant class - Ends up impressing Europeans (Hernan Cortes), but ﬁghting to take prisoners creates disadvantage in ﬁghting - Spanish colonization The Native People- Incas Incas, the bureaucrats: Largest empire in Mesoamerica, spanning across the Andes - State owns all the land+resources, belief in ruler as divine descendant - Governors in 80+ provinces - Like mongols, dispersed conquered peoples, and had religious tolerance - Save recognition of Inca deities - Mita = demands from conquered peoples expressed through labor- mandated work on State Farms/other government entities - Gender parallelism = genders have separate roles but they are equivalent - Quipus: maintained records on knotted strings - Had a resettlement program to reward loyal local rulers and separate the conquered - Rulers had to work with/reform institutions already in place from the conquered - European Conquest - Despite the home ﬁeld advantage that the Slavery Natives had over the Europeans, the European - Cash crops like Tobacco and Sugar made up the had a lot more technology to support them as economies of the New World - However, they reuqieed a lot of labor, leading to well as the disease they spread to the New the Transatlantic Slave Trade World - 5-10% of slaves died on plannations, and around 10% of slaves died making the journey known as Great Dying the Middle Passage - America’s population drops over 90% after the arrival of the Europeans Sugar Colonies: Caribbean and Brazil - Diseases like smallpox, yellow fever, black - Constant labor and climate led to spread of Malaria plague North American Settler Colonies: - After European conquest, the Natives are taxed - European settlers left for a variety of reasons, like and the economy of the New World is focused religious or economical on exporting cash crops + Silver and Gold - Quakers(Massachusetts)- religious freedom, loose hierarchy, literacy - Encomienda system- forced labor - Southern U.S- “Free Farming Land” with - Hacienda System- High taxes,low wages indentured servants and small independent holdings The Quest for Conquest Mercantilism = economic theory stating that The Portuguese in Brazil monopolize sugar trade generates wealth held in - Large scale operation powered by - Bullion = gold and silver African slaves : high death rate → higher - Fueled motivation for American conquest demand → 12 million brought to Amca. After conquest, Spanish in Mexico start to - Mulattoes = mixed European and African marry elite native women British land in New England, starting from - Develop social hierarchy with Spanish scratch w/o pre-existing empires Top men on the top - Escaping British society rather than - Saw themselves as the New Spain → “I recreating it obey but do not enforce” mentality - Self government w/o king’s supervision - Marriages produce Mestizo = mixed race Different race systems : Middle - Originally seen as inferior, but - British have less cultural mixing → one economic usefulness bring them up drop system - Opportunity for native women - Brazil have lots of it → mixed people are - Indigenous people are now that the considered to be an entirely different Bottom bottom of society → stripped of their race own empires The Renaissance It’s Almost Like A… Rebirth Renewed interest in Greco-Roman art and It started in Italy with major cities like culture- unliked by Catholic Church Florence and Venice spending money on World has gotten wealthier → money for the culture- eventually spread all over commissions Europe Use of perspective Literature: The Prince by Machiavelli, ○ Linear perspective = lines indicating argued for brutal methods to maintain depth, all lead to: power without regard for the Church ○ Vanishing point = focal place of Renaissance authors moved away from interest on the painting looking at the World through a Christian Also used triangle composition - lines in worldview, instead looking at how is the piace create triangle shapes, lead to actually was most important part; very common First time realistic ﬁgures convey emotions, and the subject is front of a natural landscape ○ New technique: oil paintings on a canvas

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