Me and Elliana History Exam Review PDF

History Exam Review: Vocabulary: Unit 1: Mesopotamia Gilgamesh: King of Uruk best known as the hero of The Epic of Gilgamesh Epic of Gilgamesh: first epic poem, 12 tablets Enkidu: (Epic of Gilgamesh) created by anu, friends with gilgamesh, helps him to kill the bull, dies as punishme...

History Exam Review: Vocabulary: Unit 1: Mesopotamia Gilgamesh: King of Uruk best known as the hero of The Epic of Gilgamesh Epic of Gilgamesh: first epic poem, 12 tablets Enkidu: (Epic of Gilgamesh) created by anu, friends with gilgamesh, helps him to kill the bull, dies as punishment Utnapishtim: (Epic of Gilgamesh) created a boat, tasked by the god enkidu (resembles noah and the arch) Hammurabi: King of Babylon, united all of Mesopotamia under the Babylonian empire hammurabi's code: laws for the babylonian society, allowed everywhere to know the rules, to unify the expanding empire Sargon the Great: was the first ruler of the akkadian empire, first known ancient empire of mesopotamia Unit 2: Ancient Israel Noah: Priest king, a key figure known for building the ark to survive a great flood, preserving life on Earth. Yahweh: the name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible, often understood as the singular, all-powerful Creator of the universe Samuel: A prophet and the last judge of Israel who anointed Saul and David as kings. Solomon: A Hebrew king renowned for his wisdom, wealth, and the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem. Joshua: The leader of the Israelites after Moses, who led the conquest of Canaan and established the tribes in the promised land. Abram/ Abraham: A priest-king and patriarch in the Hebrew Bible Considered the founding father of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, and Edomites. David: The second king of Israel An unconventional choice as the youngest of seven brothers Known for uniting the tribes and establishing Jerusalem as the capital. Moses: Known as the prophet who led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai Sennacherib: Second king of Sargonid empire, campaigned at Levant Nebuchadnezzar: Second king of the Neo-Babylonian empire Cyrus: Was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, uniting much of the ancient near East under his rule, known for his progressive policies Unit 3: Egypt Ramses (second): Also known as “Ramses the Great”, is known for its wealth, military campaigns, and extensive building programs Anubis: God of mummification, guiding you (Jackal) Amenhotep: Monotheistic, most famous for his dramatic religious reforms Changed main gods Khufu: Most famous for commissioning the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza Menes (Namar): first chieftain to unite upper and lower egypt, 1st + 3rd dynasties and 4th + 8th dynasties Osiris: God of the afterlife (green/sick) Horus: Son of osiris, major deity (falcon/bird) Unit 4: Ancient Greece Ariadne: Was the daughter of King Minos of Crete Best known for helping the hero Theseus navigate the Labyrinth to defeat the Minotaur ○ She gave him a ball of thread, Afterward she was abandoned by Theseus. Lycurgus: Legendary lawgiver of Sparta, traditionally credited with founding the Spartan system of government, including its military-focused society Xerxes: King of the Persian empire, best known for his invasion of Greece, which culminated in the famous Battle of Thermopylae and the naval Battle of Salamis, his reign was marked by ambitious military campaigns, extravagant building projects Periculess: An influential Athenian statesman and general during the Golden Age of Athens, best known for overseeing the Parthenon Hesiod: An ancient Greek poet Often considered a contemporary of Homer Works are foundational to understanding early Greek mythology, religion, and the Agrarian lifestyle Zeus: The King of the Gods and ruler of Mount Olympus. He is the god of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, and justice. He is the son of the Titans, Cronus and Rhea, and overthrew his father to become the supreme deity Cleisthenes: Ancient Athenian statesman credited with founding Athenian democracy he reformed the political structure of Athens by reorganizing the citizen body, establishing a new council, and expanding participation in government, thus laying the foundation for Athenian democracy Nyx: In origin of the gods, lays the egg, is the goddess of the night Aristotle: A Greek philosopher, student of Plato Homer: Ancient Greek poet, wrote the Iliad and Odyssey Cronos: Titan, father of zeus, eats all the kids in greek creation myth Thyclididies: Best known for writing History of the Peloponnesian War, which tells about the conflict between Athens and Sparta Thesius: Legendary Greek hero, best known for his role in defeating the Minotaur, a monster in the Labyrinth of Crete Plato: An ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, and teacher of Aristotle Herodotus: An Ancient Greek historian, often referred to as "The Father of History.” explains the causes and events of the Greco-Persian Wars, mixed facts and myth Protagoras: a pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera and one of the most influential Sophists in ancient Greece *KNOW THIS →* “Man is the measure of all things” Minos: A legendary king of Crete in Greek mythology, famously associated with the Labyrinth and the Minotaur Socrates: Teaches Plato, classical Greek philosopher, Often regarded as one of the founders of Western philosophy He is known for his method of questioning (the Socratic method) Leonides: King of Sparta and hero of the Battle of Thermopylae, he led a small force of Spartans and allies against the Persian Empire Solon: Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet Darius (first): the third king of the Achaemenid Empire known for expanding the Persian Empire to its greatest territorial extent Schlieman: discovers ancient troy (1870), and mycenae (1876) Evans: discovers knossos in crete (evidence of bronze age) (1891) Questions: Unit 1: What is the neolithic revolution and how does this reflect a change in the way the earliest man lived? The neolithic revolution was a dramatic transformation from a life based on hunting and gathering to one based on farming and domestication. This affected early man because now people start. This allowed people to settle in one place because food could be grown and stored, leading to the development of permanent settlements. Which later formed tribes, cities and agricultural development. What does mesopotamia mean and how is the geography of this area reflected in this? Mesopotamia means land between rivers, this refers to the geographical location of the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In what way is the geographic landscape of mesopotamia influential in the development of civilization? These rivers provided fertile soil for agriculture, due to irrigation constant flooding would account for engineering to occur, in order for the farming not to flood. The rivers were good means of trading and economic growth. The flatlands did come with the disadvantage of vulnerability, but they built a greater defensive military system, building fortified cities. How do the laws of mesopotamia reflect social classes and the value of different types of people? When looking at Hammurabi's code there are many levels of class depending on your status your punishment for wrongdoing would be greater or nothing at all. Examples of these are… if a man wants a divorce he can, but if a woman asks for a divorce she has to become the husband's slave, another example being if a man in the same social status takes out the tooth of another man, the punishment would be the same thing done to you. If in a higher social status you would have to pay physical money and a worse punishment. Another example of this would be if you knock out the tooth of someone in your own rank you get knocked out back, but when knocking a slave's tooth out you pay “monetary compensation” to the slave owner. Unit 2: How does Israel's location bring together many of the earliest civilizations in the Ancient World? What is the name of the land called where Israel is located? Israel's location is at the crossroads of several major regions in the ancient world, which made it a key point of interaction for early civilizations. Because of its prime location trade was a key factor, these crossroads connect Egypt, Mesopotamia, (modern day Turkey) and Persia. The land was always being fought over being the central position in the ancient world. This land is constantly referred to as canaan, but is named Levant. What is the driving factor for how to live lives called for the Isrealite people? What two books reflect on this concept? Explain briefly. The driving factor is often referred to as the covenant, which includes the Torah (first five books of the bible). These two books are Leviticus which outlines laws and commandments which the Israelites are to follow and practice dailey. The other book is Deuteronomy, in this book Moses stresses the importance of obeying God's previous laws and the consequences if you don't. Who are Israel's kings? Who conquers Israel? Who lets them go home? These kings are Saul, chosen by Samuel then David, united tribes of Israel, and then Solomon the son of David, known for his wisdom. After Solomon died the kingdom was split into two sections, the kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judah. In the 8th century bc the conquerors of Israel were the Assyrians, and Judah was conquered by the Babylonians in the 6th century bc. King Cyrus lets them go after the Isrealites are in Babylon for around 70 years. Unit 3: What is the central geographic feature of the civilization of Egypt around which everything else is developed? How does the geographic landscape of Egypt allow for the civilization to develop isolated from the rest of the ancient world? The central feature is the Nile river. These natural barriers contributed to its relative isolation, allowing the civilization to develop with a degree of independence from surrounding regions. These barriers are the sahara desert, the eastern desert, the red sea, the mediterranean sea as well as the nile. How do the Egyptians’ relationships with their gods reflect their understanding of their world both while living and after death? Describe their understanding of the afterlife. Their gods were intertwined with their perspective of the natural world. They believed that the pharaoh would maintain ma’at for the gods as an earthly figure. How he acted was how the gods may have been viewed as well as the fact the Nile flooded consistently every year insuring them the gods were kind and maintaining ma’at (peace). Unit 4: What are the mythological and physical origins for the earliest Greek peoples? This primarily leads to the five questions memorized for the previous test. REVIEW! What guides all decisions-making for the Greek people? How does this reflect itself in the idea of eudaimonia? How are the earliest philosophers understanding of truth in relationship to this concept? Their decisions were guided based on rational principles, aimed at achieving balance and harmony in one's life. For ancient Greeks, eudaimonia was not just about fleeting pleasure but rather a life lived in accordance with virtue and reason, fulfilling one's potential as a human being. What is historia and who are the earliest Greek historians we have discussed in class? How are they different in their approach? Historia is the process of seeking knowledge of past events. Heroditus, “the father of history” was one of the first to systematically record events, his approach was broad. Thucydides was a contemporary of Herodotus, he wrote about the Peloponnesian war and the conflicts between Athens and Sparta, his approach was detailed and defined. Explain the Persian war and the Peloponnesian war. Who is involved in each and how are they different? The Persian Wars: They were primarily caused by the Persian Empire's expansion into Greek territories and the desire of the Greek city-states to maintain their independence. Darius the first and king xerxes his son were involved as part of the Persian Empire, and Greek city states (poleis), each with its own government and military. Athens and Sparta were with the Greek poleis as well. First Persian king Darius wanted to expand empire but failed. The Battle of Marathon was a famous battle in the first Persian war. The Second Persian war was started by Xerxes, his son, trying to avenge his dad also failed. The Peloponnesian War: Was a conflict between two powerful Greek city states, Sparta and Athens. Athens and its alleys on one side and Sparta and its allies on the other. Athens was the leader of the delian league. The peloponnesian league was controlled by Sparta. Started out of the struggle for power and dominance in the Greek world. They are different because the Persian war is involving empires and there's fighting for power and influence in Greece, while the Peloponnesian war is involving city states, fighting over political differences. How was each group trying to reflect Imago Dei? Mesopotamia: Through Hammurabi's code (slaves and women are worthless) Divorce laws man vs. Women (different outcomes for each wanting divorce) Epic of Gilgamesh (Utnapishim creating boat, bc) Israel: Respect (torah laws, imago dei) Even through the cycle of judges Egypt: Mummification Focused primarily on afterlife (just want Aaru) Building pyramids, slave labor, whole life/industry Greece: Sparta (valued as soldiers) Athens (knowledge, humans ability to reason) Helots (anti-foreigner) Polis (people participate)