Week 2- Importance and Authenticity of Hadith and Sunnah PDF

Importance and Authenticity of Hadith and Sunnah Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan. Email : [email protected] Contact # : +92,320,7863888  Topi...

Importance and Authenticity of Hadith and Sunnah Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan. Email : [email protected] Contact # : +92,320,7863888  Topics of Lecture ♣ Importance of Hadith & Sunnah from Quranic Perspective ♣ Importance of Hadith and Sunnah from Prophetic tradition ♣ Authenticity of Hadith & Sunnah * Preservation and compilation of Hadith & Sunnah  Lecture Objectives ⁕ To highlight the Importance of Hadith & Sunnah from Quranic Perspective ♣ To explain the Importance of Hadith & Sunnah from Prophetic tradition ♣ * To know the Authenticity of Hadith & Sunnah * To be aware about the Preservation and compilation of Hadith & Sunnah  Authority of Hadith & Sunnah The Authority of Hadith can be understood from the following sources: i)The Qur’an ii) Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬ Authority of the Hadith from Qur’anic Perspective * The Qur’an declared that the obedience of the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬is actually the obedience of Allah Almighty: (80: ‫ َم ْن ُّيِطِع الَّر ُس وَل َفَق ْد َأَطاَع الَّلَه “ )لنساء‬.” “He who obeys the Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬, has indeed obeyed Allah”. (Qur’an 4:80, Khattab, 2016) * Allah Almighty linked his obedience with the obedience of his Messenger (‫)ﷺ‬: ‫ُك‬‫ْن‬ ‫َأْل‬‫ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ِل‬‫و‬‫وَل ُأ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َأ‬ ‫َّل‬‫ال‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫” ا َأ ا اَّل ي آ ُنوا َأ‬ ‫ْم ِر ِم ْم‬ ‫َو‬ ‫َّر ُس‬ ‫َه َو ِط ُع‬ ‫ِط ُع‬ ‫ِذ َن َم‬ ‫َي ُّيَه‬ : (59‫“ )ٱلنساء‬ “O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger [Muhammad (‫])ﷺ‬, and those of you (Muslims) who are in authority”.(Qur’an 4:59, Khattab, 2016) (3-4: ‫َو َم ا َينِطُق َعِن )النجم‬ ‫ٰى‬ ‫َح‬‫و‬ ‫ٌۭى‬ ‫ُي‬ ‫ْح‬ ‫َو‬ ‫اَّل‬ ‫ِإْن ُه َو ِإ‬ ‫ٱْلَه َو ٰٓى‬  Importance of Hadith & Sunnah in Islam Importance in Qur’an * The Qur’an declares the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬the ideal model: ‫ُأ‬ (21: ‫َكاَن َلُكْم ِف ي َر ُس وِل الَّلِه ْس َو ٌة َح َس َنٌة “ )األحزاب‬ ‫َلَق ْد‬.” “Indeed in the Messenger of Allah [Muhammad (‫ ])ﷺ‬you have an excellent example to follow” (Qur’an 33: 21, Khattab, 2016) ‫* عن قتادة ُق ْلُت لعائشة َيا ُأَّم اْلُم ْؤ ِم ِنيَن َأْنِبِئيِني َعْن ُخ ُل‬ ‫ِق‬ ‫َتْق ُأ‬ ‫َّل َق اَل َأ‬ ‫ُت‬‫ْل‬ ‫ُق‬ ‫َن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ْر‬ ‫ُق‬‫ْل‬‫ا‬ ‫َر‬ ‫َل‬ ‫ْت ْس َت‬ ‫َر ُس وِل الَّلِه َص َّلى الَّلُه َعَلْيِه َو َس َم‬ ‫َبَلى َق اَلْت َف ِإَّن ُخ ُلَق َنِبِّي الَّلِه َص َّلى الَّلُه َعَلْيِه َو َس َّلَم َكاَن اْلُق ْر آَن‬ Hazrat Qatadah reported: I said to Aisha, “O mother of the believers, tell me about the character of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him.” Aisha said, “Have you not read the Quran?” I said, “O course.” Aisha said, “Verily, the character of the Prophet of Allah was the Quran.” (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim Hadith 746) * Muslims are obliged to follow Prophet’s ‫ ))ﷺ‬teachings and exalted model for understanding and practicing the teachings of the Holy Qur’an. The Qur’an contains the commands of the prayer, fasting, Legal Status of Hadith & Sunnah in Qur’an “..... ‫َكِر َو ُيِح ُّل َلُه ُم الَّطِّيٰبِت‬ ‫ُم ۡن‬ ‫ۡن ٮُه ۡمَعِن اۡل‬ ‫ۡعۡو‬ ‫ِف َو َي ٰه‬ ‫ۡاُر ُه ۡمِباۡل‬ ‫َم ُر‬ ‫َي ُم‬ ‫ۡغَل اَّلِتۡى‬ ‫اۡل ٰل‬ ‫ۡصُه ۡمَو َا‬ ‫ۡن ۡمِا َر‬ ‫َخٰۤبِئَث َو َيَض ُع َع ُه‬ ‫ۡي ُم اۡل ـ‬‫َل‬ ‫َو ُيَح ِّر ُم َع ِه‬ ) 156:‫ ”(سورة االعراف‬..... ‫ۡم‬ ؕ​ ‫ۡي‬ ‫َكاَنۡتَعَل‬ ‫ِه‬ “He enjoins upon them what is good and forbids them what is evil. He makes the clean things lawful to them and prohibits all corrupt things, and removes from them their burdens and the shackles that were upon them” (Towards Understanding the Quran, http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=7&verse=157&to=157 ) ‫ُل َف ُخ ُذْو ُه َو َم َاَنٰه ٮُكۡمَع ُه‬ ​‫ۡن َف اْنَتُه ا‬ “”...​ ۚ‫ۡو‬ ‫َو َم ۤاٰاٰتٮُكُم الَّر ُس ۡو‬ ) 7:‫(سورة الحشر‬ “And whatever the Messenger has given you, take it; and what he has forbidden you, refrain from it”. (Towards Understanding the Quran, http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=59&verse=6&to=10 )  Importance of Hadith & Sunnah in Prophetic Traditions * The Hadith & Sunnah protect Muslims from wrong path and going astray. The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said: “‫َتَر ْكُت ِف يُكْم َأْم َر ْيِن َلْن َتِض ُّلوا َم ا َتَم َّس ْكُتْم ِبِه َم ا ِكَتاَب الَّلِه‬ ‫”َو ُس َّنَة َنِبِّيِه‬ I have left two matters with you. As long as you hold to them, you will“ not go the wrong way. They are the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet.” (Muwatta Imam Malik, Hadith 1628) ‫َيا َأُّيَه ا الَّناُس ِإِّني َق ْد َتَر ْكُت ِف يُكْم َم ا ِإْن َأَخ ْذُتْم ِبِه َلْن َتِض ُّلوا‬ “ ‫ِكَتاَب الَّلِه َو ِعْتَر ِتي َأْه َل َبْيِتي‬ O people! Indeed, I have left among you, that which if you hold fast to it,“ you shall not go astray: The Book of Allah and my family, the people of Importance of Hadith & Sunnah in Prophetic Traditions * Obedience of Sunnah is the key to Jannah and its disobedience is the cause of deprivation from Paradise as Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said: ‫ وَم ْن َيْأَبى يا رسول‬:‫ قيل‬."‫“كل أمتي يدخلون الجنة إال من َأَبى‬ ”.‫ ومن عصاني فقد َأَبى‬،‫ "من أطاعني دخل الجنة‬:‫الله؟ قال‬ All my followers will enter Paradise except those who refuse.“ It was said, "O Allah's Messenger Who “. will refuse?" He said, "Whoever obeys me will enter Paradise, and whoever disobeys me is the one who ”.refuses (to enter it) )Sahih Bukhari, Hadith 7280( * The obedience of the Messenger of Allah (‫ )ﷺ‬is considered the obedience of Allah Almighty: ‫َأ‬ “ ‫َفَق ْد َطاَع الَّلَه َو َم ْن َعَص اِني َفَق ْد َعَص ى الَّلَه‬ ‫َم ْن َأَطاَعِني‬.” “Whoever obeys me, obeys Allah, and whoever disobeys me, disobeys Allah.” )Sahih Bukhari, Hadith 7137( Therefore, Muslims are recommended to obey the Prophetic Hadith and Sunnah for the obedience of Allah Almighty. Authority of the Hadith according to Prophetic Traditions * The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬ordered to follow his Sunnah and considered it as the obedience of Allah Almighty: ‫َأ‬ ‫َأ‬ “‫ َو َم ْن َعَص اِني َفَق ْد‬، ‫َم ْن َطاَعِني َفَق ْد َطاَع الَّلَه‬ ‫ َعَص ى الَّلَه‬.” “Whoever obeys me, obeys Allah, and whoever disobeys me, disobeys Allah.” (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith 7137) * The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬mentioned that he has been given the Qur’an and Sunnah similar to it: “ ‫َأَال ِإِّني ُأوِتيُت اْلِكَتاَب َو ِم ْثَلُه َم َع ُه‬.” “Beware! I have been given the Qur'an and something like it.” (Abu Daud: 4587) ‫َل‬ ‫َل‬ ‫َّتى َأُكو َأ‬ ‫َأ‬ ‫َن َحَّب ِإ ْيِه ِم ْن َو ِدِه‬ ‫اَل ُيْؤ ِم ُن َحُد ْم َح‬ ‫ُك‬ ‫َأ‬ ‫َوَو اِلِدِه َو الَّناِس ْج َم َن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِع‬ "None of you will have faith till he loves me more than his father, his children and all mankind." (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith no.14) Legal Status of Hadith & Sunnah according to Prophetic Traditions * Hadith is considered the second source of Tafsir to understand the Qur’an. For example, Allah has commanded in the Qur’an to offer prayer but the full procedure of prayer, their timings, rak’ahs, recitals obligatory as well as voluntary prayers are known by the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) only as under: ‫َو َص ُّلوا َكَم ا َر َأْيُتُم وِني ُأَص ِّلي‬ “ And offer your prayers in the way you saw me offering my prayers”. (Sahih al-Bukhari Hadith no.6008) * Also the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) gave us instructions about rules and regulations related to Zakat, Fast and Hajj e.g. ‫ُه‬‫ا‬ ‫َق‬‫ْل‬‫ِلَتْأُخ ْذ ُأ ِتي ُن َك ا َف ِّني َال َأ ي َل ِّلي َال َأ‬ ‫ْم‬ ‫َع‬ ‫ْدِر‬ ‫ُس َه ِإ‬ ‫َّم‬ ‫َبْعَد َعاِم ي َه َذا‬ “Let my Ummah learn its (Hajj) rituals, because I do not know whether I will meet you after this year or not.” (Sunan Ibn Maajah Hadith 3023)  Preservation and Compilation of Hadith 1. 3. Practice/ 4. Written Memorization 2.Discussions Practical Record/ Demonstration Documentation  Timeline for the Compilation of Hadith ii) Second Era: Till Almost 200 i) First Era: 1 Nabwi (from the st AH (Era of Junior Successors, Beginning of Prophethood) to 100 Successors of the Successors & AH (Era of Companions & Senior Scholars of Hadith). Successors). Timeline for the Compilation of Hadith iii) Third Era: Till Almost 300 AH iv) Fourth Era: From 400 AH till (Era of Scholars of Hadith). this Day  i) First Era: 1st Nabwi (from the Beginning of Prophethood) to 100 AH (Era of Companions & Senior Successors) Famous Narrators of Hadith among Sahabah: * Abu Hurairah (Radi Allahu Anhu)  5374 Ahadeeth * Abdullah ibn Abbas (Radi Allahu Anhu)  2660 Ahadeeth * Ayesha Siddiqah (Radi Allahu Anha)  2210 Ahadeeth * Abdullah ibn Umar (Radi Allahu Anhu)  1630 Ahadeeth * Anas bin Malik (Radi Allahu Anhu)  1286 Ahadeeth * Ali & Umar bin Khattab (Radi Allahu Anhuma)  More than 500 Ahadeeth * Abu Bakr, Uthman & Umme-e-Salma (Radi Allahu Anhum)  More than 100 Ahadeeth (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf) i) First Era: 1st Nabwi (from the Beginning of Prophethood) to 100 AH (Era of Companions & Senior Successors) Famous Narrators of Hadith among Tabi’een: * Hazrat Saeed ibn al-Musayyab (May Allah have mercy on him). Due to his stature in Hadith & Jurisprudence, he is renowned as one of “The Seven Fuqaha of Medina”. He learnt Ahadeeth & its knowledge from Hazrat Uthman, Hazrat Ayesha, Hazrat Abu Hurairah & Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (Radi Allahu Anhum). * Hazrat Urwah ibn Zubair (May Allah have mercy on him). He was the nephew of Hazrat Ayesha Siddiqah. He narrated Ahadeeth mostly from his Aunt as well as Hazrat Abu Hurairah & Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (Radi Allahu Anhum). * Hazrat Salim ibn Abdullah ibn Umar (May Allah have mercy on him). He was also one of “The Seven Fuqaha of Medina”. He learnt Ahadeeth mostly from his Father and also from other Sahabah. * Hazrat Naafi’ (May Allah have mercy on him). He was a servant & special student of Hazrat Abdullah ibn Umar. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf)  i) First Era: 1st Nabwi (from the Beginning of Prophethood) to 100 AH (Era of Companions & Senior Successors) Well-known Compilations of Hadith in First Era : * Sahifah al-Sadiqah (Arabic: ‫)الصحيفة الصادقة‬. The first known Hadith compilation  Author: Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas (Radi Allahu Anhu)  No of Ahadeeth: 1000 * Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih (Arabic: ‫)َصِح يَفة َهَّمام ٱْبن ُمَنِّبه‬. One of the earliest surviving Hadith collections  Author: Hummam bin Munabbih, student of Hazrat Abu Hurairah (Radi Allahu Anhu)  No of Ahadeeth: 138 * Sahifah Ali. Hadith Collection related to the issues of Zakat , the legal & illegal actions, Khutbah Hajjat-ul-Wida and other Islamic teachings. * Khutbah Hajjat-ul-Wida (The Final Sermon) of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). Complied by Hazrat Abu Shah Yamani (Radi Allahu Anhu) with the permission of the Messenger. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf)  ii) Second Era: Till Almost 200 AH (Era of Junior Successors, Successors of the Successors & Scholars of Hadith) Famous Compilers of Hadith: * Muhammad ibn Shihab az-Zuhri (May Allah have mercy on him). One of the grreatest scholar of Hadith of his time. He acquired knowledge of Hadith from learned Sahabah like Hazrat Abdullah ibn Umar & Hazrat Anas bin Malik (Radi Allahu Anhuma). On the instruction of Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz (May Allah have mercy on him), he collected and compiled Ahadeeth from all corners of the Islamic State. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pd f  ii) Second Era: Till Almost 200 AH (Era of Junior Successors, Successors of the Successors & Scholars of Hadith) Well-known Compilations of Hadith in Second Era : * Muwaṭṭaʾ (Meaning: well-trodden path) or Muwatta Imam Malik (Arabic: ‫)موطأ اإلمام مالك‬. The earliest collection of Hadith texts comprising the subjects of Islamic law (Legal Ahadeeth)  Approximately 1720 Ahadeeth * Kitāb al-Kharaaj (Arabic: ‫كتاب الخراج‬, Meaning: “Book of Taxation”). A classic text with Legal Ahadeeth related to Taxation and Charity.  Author: Qadi Abu Yousf, a student of Imam Abu Hanifa. * Kitab al-Athaar (Arabic: ‫كتاب اآلثار‬, Meaning: “Book of Traditions”) Another classic text with Legal Ahadeeth as well as the narrations of Sahabah  1000 Traditions  Author: Imam Muhammad bin al-Hasan al-Shaybani, a student of Imam Abu Hanifa. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf)  iii) Third Era: Till Almost 300 AH (Era of Scholars of Hadith) Sciences of Hadith (Uloom-al-Hadith): (Saha-e-Sittah) This is the field developed in the 3rd Century After Hijrah when the scholars of Hadith formulated more than 100 Sciences of Hadith. For instance, they include: i) Asma-ur-Rijaal (birth, death, family, titles, parents, teachers, students, circumstances of the narrators’ life and their truthfulness and trustworthiness). * Book on this science: Fan-e-Asma-ur-Rijal by Dr. Taqi-Uddin Nadwi. ii) Usool-al-Hadith (standards and rules of establishing authenticity and weakness of Ahadeeth). * Book on this science: The Summary of Usool-ul-Hadith by Wajahat Hussain Al-Hanafi (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20.  iii) Third Era: Till Almost 300 AH (Era of Scholars of Hadith) iii) Ilm-al-Hadith al-Mawdoo’ah (knowledge of investigation and separation of fabricated and self-created Ahadeeth from the reliable ones). * Reasons of Fabrication of Ahadeeth: Business purpose, Racial Bias, Story- Telling and Attracting People towards Virtues. * Examples of Fabricated Narrations: 1. “Seek Knowledge even if you have to go as far as china” 2. “Love the Arabs for three reasons; because I (Prophet) am an Arab, the Qur'an is in Arabic and the language of Jannah is Arabic.” * Book on this science: Fake Pearls by Sayed Iqbal Zaheer. * The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said about Self-created Ahadeeth : "Do not tell a lie against me for whoever tells a lie against me (intentionally) then he will surely enter the Hell-fire." ( Sahih al-Bukhari, Knowledge‫ كتاب العلم‬, Hadith 106) i) Chain of Narrators (Sanad): It comprises: a. The Prophet (peace be upon him) b. Companion c. Successor d. Successor of the Successor e. Reporter of Hadith. Hadith has 2 Parts ii) Text (Matan): The actual part of Hadith which gives some information. Introduction to Canonical Compilations of Hadith (Sahah-e-Sittah) 1. Sahih 2. Sahih Muslim Bukhari 3. Sunan Abi 4. Jami Dawood Tirmidhi 6. Sunan Ibn-e- 5. Sunan Nisai Majah  1. Sahih Bukhari * Author of this Compilation: Abu Abd-ullah Muhammad ibn Isma’il ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Mughirah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju’fi al-Bukhari, born in 194 A.H. and died in 256 A.H. at the age of 62. * The Name, Introduction And Status of Sahih al-Bukhari: The full name of Sahih al-Bukhari is: “al-Jami al-Musnad al-Sahih al-Mukhtasar Min Umur Rasul-illah Wa- Sunnanihi Wa-Ayyamihi”. * Meaning of Its Name: ~ Al-Jami: It includes 8 topics like Aqaid, Ahkam, Siyar, Adaab, Tafseer, Maghazi, Fitan, Manaqib. ~ Al-Musnad: Such kind of Sahih Hadith whose sanad is continuous from start to end. ~ Al-Sahih: The Hadith whose Sanad should be Muttasil, without (‫ )علت‬defect, (‫غير‬ ‫ )شاذ‬without contradiction and narrator should be (‫ )عادل‬adil and accurate in memory. ~ Al-Mukhtasar: As this book consists few thousand Ahadeeth out of many lac Ahadeeth. ~ Also the meaning of this book includes the sayings, actions, taqreeraat and the circumstances of the life of the Holy Prophet peace be upon him.  * Reason for the Compilation of Sahih al-Bukhari: Before Imam Bukhari had started to collect Ahadeeth, there had actually been quite a few compiled books of Ahadeeth in which both weak and strong Ahadeeth were gathered, due to which a reader used to face great difficulty. This problem gave Imam Bukhari the idea to compile such a book containing only strong Ahadeeth. His hadith teacher Ishaaq Ibn Rahway also encouraged this idea of him. * The Time Period Of Its Compilation: Imam Bukhari said: “I completed Sahih al-Bukhari after scrutinizing the 6 lac Ahadeeth and selecting 7275 Sahih Ahadeeth from them, in 16 years”. He spent 16 years in writing the book, altering it a total of three times. (Molana Abdul Rahman Sheemah, Seerat-e-Imam Bukhari, Dar-ul-Salam, Research Center, Riaz, Saudi Arabiah, pp: 70 to 185, 194 to 240, 254 to 256, 304 to 337 )  2. Sahih Muslim * Author of this Compilation: Abu al-Husayn Asakir al-Din Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Muslim al-Qushayri an-Naysapuri, born in 206 A.H. and died in 261 A.H. * Introduction And Distinctive Features Of Sahih Muslim: ~ The second most authentic Hadith collection after Sahih al-Bukhari. ~ It consists of mostly Sahih Ahadeeth. ~ Out of 300,000 Ahadeeth, he extracted approximately 4,000 Ahadeeth. ~ Imam Muslim recorded only such Ahadeeth which were reported by at least two reliable successors from two Companions. ~ Scientific arrangement of themes and chapters. The author, for example, selects a proper place for the Hadith and, next to it, puts all its versions. (Mustafa Azami, (1977), Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. pp.87-107. https://muqith.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/studiesinhadithmethodologyandliteraturebyshaykhmuhammadmustafaal-azami _text.pdf )  3. Sunan Abi Dawood * Author of this Compilation: Abu Dawud Sulayman ibn al-Ash’ath as-Sijistani, born in 202 A.H and died in 275 A.H. * Introduction and Distinctive Features Of Sunan Abi Dawood: ~ Sunan Abi Dawud is ranked as third after Sahihayn. ~ 4800 Ahadeeth were selected out of 500,000 Ahadeeth in the time of 20 years. ~ It consists of Ahadeeth related to the legal matters like Hudud, Taziraat, Etiquettes, Ghazwaat, financial issues etc.. ~ Abu Dawud gathered Ahadeeth that are mentioned by al-Bukhari or al- Muslim and those which fulfill the conditions of al-Bukhari or al-Muslim. ~ He narrated also weak chains of narration, when he did not find sound chains for the topic as he thought that weak chain would be stronger than a man’s opinion. (Mustafa Azami, (1977), Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. pp.87-107. https://muqith.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/studiesinhadithmethodologyandliteraturebyshaykhmuhammadmustafaal-azami_t ext.pdf )  4. Jami Tirmidhi * Author of this Compilation: Abu Isa Muhammad ibn Isa at- Tirmidhi, born in 209 AH and died in 279 A.H. * Introduction And Distinctive Features Of Jami Tirmidhi: ~ It contains 3,956 Ahadeeth. ~ Imam Tirmidhi used to place the heading first, then mention one or two Ahadeeth related to the heading. ~ Imam Tirmidhi has gathered mostly the Ahadeeth related to the legal matters which can be used by the jurists as the basis for their legal decisions. (Mustafa Azami, (1977), Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. pp.87-107. https://muqith.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/studiesinhadithmethodologyandliteraturebyshaykhmuhammadmustafaal-az ami_text.pdf )  5. Sunan Nisai * Author of this Compilation: Ahmad ibn Shu’ayb ibn Ali ibn Sinan Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Nisa’i, born in 215 A.H. and died in 303 A.H. * Introduction And Distinctive Features of Sunan Nisai: ~ Sunan Nisa’i is also known as al-Mujtaba and as-Sunan as-Sughra. ~ The author first compiled a Hadith Book with the title of “Sunan al- Kubra”, in which all sorts of Ahadeeth were mentioned. ~ Then he selected about 5,761 Ahadeeth, including repeated narrations, from his previous larger work, Sunan al-Kubra. ~ The book consists of mostly Sahih Ahadeeth. (Mustafa Azami, (1977), Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. pp.87-107. https://muqith.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/studiesinhadithmethodologyandliteraturebyshaykhmuhammadmustafaal-azam i_text.pdf )  6. Sunan Ibn-e-Majah * Author of this Compilation: Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yazid Ibn Majah al-Rab’i al-Qazwini, born in 209 A.H. in Iran and died in 273 A.H. * Introduction, Status and Distinctive Features Of Sunan Ibn-e-Majah: ~ It consists of about 4,000 Ahadeeth. ~ It has a very low status among 6 Canonical Books of Hadith. ~ According to a Hadith Scholar Abu Zar’ah, there are almost 30 Da’eef Ahadeeth as well as some fabricated narrations in this book. ~ The reason of joining this book with Sahah-e-Sittah is that Ibn-i-Majah has also mentioned such Sahih Ahadeeth in it which are not mentioned in the previous 5 Books. ~ In this book, Ahadeeth are related to daily legal matters like worships, family, social, economical and medical issues. (Mustafa Azami, (1977), Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. pp.87-107. https://muqith.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/studiesinhadithmethodologyandliteraturebyshaykhmuhammadmustafaal-azami_t ext.pdf  iv) Fourth Era: From 400 AH till this Day Well-known Compilations of Hadith in Fourth Era: * Translation & explanation of significant Hadith Collections into other languages. * Explanation & summaries of books of Hadith Sciences. * Mishkaat al-Masabeeh (Arabic:‫ مشكاة المصابيح‬, Meaning: The Niche of Lanterns)  Author: Wali Uddin Khateeb  5945 Ahadeeth  Topics: creed, worships, transactions, dealings, manners and other topics * Riyad-us-Saliheen (Arabic: ‫ رياض الصالحين‬, Meaning: The Meadows of the Righteous)  Author: Imam Abu Zakariya an-Nawawi  Approximately 1,900 Ahadeeth  Topics: Ethics, Manners, Worship, Knowledge, and other topics. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf)  iv) Fourth Era: From 400 AH till this Day Well-known Compilations of Hadith in Fourth Era: * Buloogh al-Maraam min Adillat al-Ahkam, (Arabic: ‫بلوغ المرام من أدلة‬ ‫ األحكام‬, Meaning: Attainment of the Objective According to Evidences of the Ordinances  Author: Ibn Hajar Asqalani  1358 Ahadeeth  Topics: Worships, Transactions, Manners, Laws. It consists of Ahadeeth drawn from numerous primary sources of Hadith including, Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami at-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Nasa'i, Sunan ibn Majah, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal and more. (Abu Amina Bilal Philips, Usool Al Hadeeth] The Methodology of Hadith Evaluation, pp:11-20. https://alhamdolillah.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2021/06/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology.pdf) Summary: * This lecture provides an overview of comprehensive outlook of Sunnah of Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬and its importance. As Allah Says in the Quran that the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬is the practical example for the Muslims to follow, Sunnah of the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬provides a source of legislation for each and every sphere of life. * The Sunnah of Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬is the best example for moral conduct for humanity as he was sent for the whole world till the day of judgment. The Sunnah of Prophet is based on revelation from Allah Almighty therefore is considered a second source of guidance. References: 1. Bilal Philips, Usool Al- Hadith , P: 04-14 https://www.allahsword.com/ebooks/Hadith/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology-of-hadith-evaluation.pdf 2. Taqi Usmani , The Autority of Sunnah, P. 6-113 https://ia800302.us.archive.org/30/items/TheAuthorityOfSunnahByMuftiTaqiUsmani/The-authorty-of-Sunnah-EN.pdf 3. Governing Lessons from The Second Caliph https://medium.com/@a.greish1/governing-lessons-from-the-second-caliph-b33205d21f33 4. Hazrat Umar and the Roman ambassador https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/59646-hazrat-umar-and-the-roman-ambassador 5. Capture of Jerusalem: The Treaty of Umar https://www.islamicity.org/11511/capture-of-jerusalem-the-treaty-of-umar/ 6. If Allah hates pigs, why did he create them? https://www.quora.com/If-Allah-hates-pigs-why-did-he-create-them 7. http://askislam.ir/en/al-kutub-al-arbaah-the-four-books-kafi-man-la-yahduruhu-tahdhib-and-istibsar/ 8. Muhadaraat-e-Hadith by Dr. Mehmood Ahmad Ghazi 9. Seerat-e-Imam Bukhari by Maulana Abdul Rehman Sheemah. 10. An Introduction To The Science Of Hadith, The Classification Of Hadith: According To The Reference To A Particular Authority, http://www.islamic.awareness.org/Hadith/Ulum/asb1.html. 11. http://islamkashmir.org/book/introduction-to-al-hadith/ch-3/classification-of-hadith 12. Ifham-ul-Qur’an wal Hadith by Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Chauhdary & Prof. Sayyad Ali Yar