Week 1 - Origins And History of Communication Studies PDF

WEEK 1 – Origins and History of Communication Studies Good day everyone Are you ready? Let's begin Table of Contents. 01. 1900s-1930s 02. 1940s-1950s 03. 1960s 04. 1970s 05. 1980s-1990s 06. 21st Century Table of Contents v2. Development of Speech and Journalism 22...

WEEK 1 – Origins and History of Communication Studies Good day everyone Are you ready? Let's begin Table of Contents. 01. 1900s-1930s 02. 1940s-1950s 03. 1960s 04. 1970s 05. 1980s-1990s 06. 21st Century Table of Contents v2. Development of Speech and Journalism 22 Interdisciplinary Growth 25 Integration 29 Growth and Specialisation 32 The Information Age 37 Communication Study Today 40 Early Communication Study Early Communication Study o Early expressed prior to fifth century B.C., in classical Babylonian and Egyptian writings and in Homer's Iliad. o Essay written about 3000 B.C., The Precepts, composed in Egypt provides guidance on effective communication.  Set in the Trojan war, a ten- year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Archilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, The Iliad mentions many of the Greek legends about the siege.  Writing four thousand years ago in ancient Egypt, the wise sages Ptah-Hotep and Amenemope advised their young sons how to live good, honourable and prosperous lives. These two fine examples of ancient wisdom literature were preserved through the ages. Early Communication Study Rhetoric and Speech o First developed by Corax and Tisias from Greece with the concept of message organisation, suggesting that a message should have three parts corresponding to today's concept of introduction, body and conclusion. o The sophist in fifth century B.C. set up a small rhetoric school.  The lawsuit: Corax and his pupil Tisias were reputedly the first Sophists. Like many young men with an appetite for worldly success, Tisias sought training from Corax in the hope of being able to sue his way to wealth and influence. Wishing to make sure he was not duped by his teacher, Tisias contracted to pay Corax only after he had actually won a law suit. On this condition his training commenced and soon enough was over. But Tisias became complacent. Years went by and Tisias brought no suits against anyone. Corax had been willing to wait to be paid, but not forever, so he brought a suit against Tisias to recover his fee Early Communication Study Rhetoric and Speech o Protagoras of Abdera taught concepts that are embodied in the modern idea of debate. He taught a good speaker should be able to argue in both sides of proposition. And also he taught a concept later known as speak in public. o Gorgias of Leontini, the first one who advocate the use of emotional appeals in persuasive speeches.  Protagoras of Abdera (l.c. 485-415 BCE) is most famous for his claim that "Of all things the measure is Man, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not" (DK 80B1) usually rendered simply as "Man is the Measure of All Things." Protagoras lived and worked in ancient Athens as a sophist, a highly paid teacher of the upper class youth of the city, who instructed his pupils in how to speak well and, especially, how to win court cases. Early Communication Study Rhetoric and Speech o Isocrates, one of his famous belief that an orator should be trained in the liberal arts and should be a good person. o Cicero and Quintilian also contributed to the broadening theory of communication. Like Plato and Aristotle, Cicero develop rhetorical theories and saw communication as both an academic and practical matter. Quintillian show the guidelines how a good communicator should be educated.  Isocrates was an ancient Greek rhetorician, one of the ten Attic orators.. Among the most influential Greek rhetoricians of his time, Isocrates made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. Early Communication Study Rhetoric and Speech o Sir Francis Bacon proposed an ethical basis for communication and argued that the function of true rhetoric was the furtherance of good. o National Association of Elocutionists produced a very stylised mode of delivery that included vocal manipulation and physical gesture.  Sir Francis Bacon was a Renaissance genius who excelled in philosophy, science, law, and literature.. He advocated the use of empirical observation and experimentation to discover natural laws and advance human knowledge. Early Communication Study Rhetoric and Speech o George Campbell maintained that rhetoric had four purposes: to enlighten, to please the imagination, to move the passions, or to influence the will. o Hugh Blair proposed theories that could be applied either to writing or to speaking.  George Campbell (1719-1796) was a Scottish Presbyterian theologian and professor and principal at Marischall College and a member of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society. Campbell’s book is perhaps the best-known of the replies to Hume’s attack on miracles to be issued in Hume’s lifetime. Early Communication Study Journalism o The other field that contributed significantly to the heritage of communication study. o The practice of journalism began some 3,700 years ago in Egypt when a record of the events of the time was transcribed on the tomb of an Egyptian king. Early Communication Study Journalism o Julius Caesar had an official record of the news of the day posted in public place, and copies of it were made and sold. o The mid 1600s saw the emergence of the newspaper in its modern form and the first paper published in the United States, Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic, appeared in 1690 in Boston.  Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick was the first multi-page newspaper published in British colonial America.. After its first issue, which carried an account that offended the colonial governor, the newspaper was promptly closed down by British colonial authorities, only days later. The 1900s-1930s: Development of Speech and Journalism Development of Speech and Journalism o In 1909, the Eastern Communication Association – was formed, and in 1910, held its first annual conference. The National Communication Association – was formed in 1914. o In 1915, the Quarterly Journal of Public Speaking was monographs which began publication in 1934. Development of Speech and Journalism o In 1905, the University of Wisconsin offered what were perhaps the first courses in journalism, at a time when there were few, if any, books on the topic. o By 1910, there were half a dozen volumes available, and between 1910 and 1920, some twenty-five works on journalism and newspaper work were compiled, signaling a pattern of continued growth. The 1940s-1950s: Interdisciplinary Growth Interdisciplinary Growth o In anthropology, research concerned with body positioning and gestures in particular cultures laid the groundwork for more general studies of non-verbal communication. o In psychology, interest focused on persuasion, social influence, and, specifically, attitudes – how they form, how they change, their impact on behaviour, and the role of communication in these dynamics. Interdisciplinary Growth o Researchers were especially concerned with issues of persuasion, including how propaganda persuaded individuals, how public opinion was created, and how the developing media contributed to persuasive efforts. o Studies in rhetoric and speech in the late 1940s and 1950s broadened to include oral interpretation, voice and diction, debate, theatre, physicology of speech, and speech pathology. Interdisciplinary Growth o In journalism and mass media studies, growth and development were even more dramatic, spurred on in no small way by the popularity of television and efforts to understand its impact. The 1960s: Integration Integration o Communication was of interest in many disciplines during the 1960s. o Sociologists focused on group dynamics, social relations, and the social origins of knowledge. Integration o Political scientists wrote about the role communication in governments, governance, public opinion, propaganda, and political image building, providing the foundation for the development of the area of political communication that was to blossom a decade later. The 1970s and Early 1980s: Growth and Specialisation Growth and Specialisation o Interpersonal communication became an increasingly popular area, as did the study of nonverbal interaction. o New areas such as instructional, therapeutic, and developmental communication also became attractive to researchers and professionals. Growth and Specialisation o In 1975, the Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage listed communication as a "vogue word – a word... That suddenly or inexpicably crops up... In speeches of bureaucrats, comments of columnist... And in radio and television broadcasts." Growth and Specialisation o Communication science or communication studies refer to the discipline, and communicologist and communication scientist or communication researcher to refer to those within it. The phrase communication professional was sometimes used to refer to individuals who earned their livelihoods engaged in communication activities. Growth and Specialisation o Communications had been used to refer to media or to specific messages being transmitted through these media. Communication has historically been used to refer to the activity sending and receiving messages through media or face-to-face and to the discipline as a whole. The Late 1980s and 1990s The Information Age The Information Age Information as a Commodity o During the 1980s and 1990s, there was an increasing interest in information communicated via messages as an economic good or commodity – something that can be bought and sold – and in the technologies by which this commodity is created, distributed, stored, retrieved, and used. The Information Age Converging Media o During these years, media were brought together to form hybrid technologies that permitted communication sources and receivers to carry out functions that were once difficult, time-consuming, or even impossible. The 21st Century Communication Study Today Communication Study Today Ancient and Newly Emergent o The 1900s, communication can be viewed as a newly emergent field, the newest of the disciplines concerned with the study of human behaviour. Communication Study Today Disciplines and Interdisciplinary Links o Cognitive psychology and neuroscience, cultural and critical studies, economics, computer science and electrical engineering, disciplines and interdisciplinary links, information science, journalism, literature, marketing, philosophy. Communication Study Today Personal and Professional Applicability o Communication is essential in our personal life as well as in our professional life. Communication Study Today Old and New Technology o Permanence and portability to the messages of face-to- face communication. Communication Study Today Problem and Solution o Fundamental problem and essential solution. o Paradoxically, communication is seen as both a chasm and a bridge. Communication Study Today Practical Skill and Fundamental Life Process o Skills o Set of techniques o Back to our physical, personal, social, political, and cultural existence. "Communication is a science as well as an art. What does speaking precisely mean? You are consciously communicating with another person at that person’s frequency, not yours." — Harbhajan Singh Yogi Thank you! Do you have any questions? [email protected] 016-4985660 The Impact of Technology on Communication Tutorial 1 Discuss in your group what you notice when it comes to communication issues today, in general.