Respiratory Disease in Cattle and Sheep PDF

R E S P I R AT O R Y DISEASE IN C AT T L E A N D SHEEP HAYLEY HICKLING-PETERS BVETMEDPGCERT VET ED FHEA MRCVS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Construct a differential diagnosis list based on history and clinical presentations associated with airway disease in ruminants and cho...

R E S P I R AT O R Y DISEASE IN C AT T L E A N D SHEEP HAYLEY HICKLING-PETERS BVETMEDPGCERT VET ED FHEA MRCVS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Construct a differential diagnosis list based on history and clinical presentations associated with airway disease in ruminants and choose appropriate diagnostics Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions in the management and treatment of airway diseases of ruminants Determine appropriate prognosis on an individual animal and a herd Determine prevention control measures appropriate for airway diseases in ruminants LUNG A N AT O M Y Small lung area Small tidal volume and surface area High RR More susceptible to disease 4 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES BRD (Bovine IBR Pasteurelosis Respiratory Disease) Fog Fever (OPA)Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Diphtheria TB Bovine Tuberculosis Aspiration (MV) Maedi Visna pneumonia MCF Malignant Catarrhal Fever? Laryngeal Chondritis Lungworm Nasal Bot IBR B R D PAT H O G E N S Viruses Parainfluenza virus PI3 Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus BRSV Bovine Herpes Virus (BHV1 causing IBR) Bovine Coronavirus Bovine Adenovirus 3 Bacteria Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Mycoplasma Mycoplasma bovis Mycoplasma dispar 6  BRD DISEASE COMPLEX Environment ‘risk factors’ Temperature Pathogen Factors Ventilation Disease complex Pathogen Environment Ammonia Multiple primary pathogens Seasonal Multifactorial interactions Stocking density Concurrent infections Mixed age groups Bedding Host Host ‘Risk factors’ Failure of passive transfer Stress (transport) Nutrition Husbandry events P R E S E N TAT I O N S O F B R D Acute Primary URT viral Secondary bacterial pnuemonia Shipping Fever Primary bacterial infection Primary bacterial pneumonia secondary to stress Mannhiemia haemonlytica +/- other pathogens Chronic BRD pathogens Secondary to acute disease Truepella pyogenes causes lung abscessation Poor production/growth rates 8 B O V I N E R E S P I R ATO R Y D I S E A S E ( B R D ) Clinical signs Pyrexia Nasal discharge- watery → mucopurulent Cough Ocular discharge Lethargy Inappetence Rapid shallow breathing, increased RR Increased HR Outstretched neck in respiratory distress Cant determine the pathogen from clinical signs alone Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 ACUTE VS CHRONIC #universityofsurrey 10 BRD DIAGNOSIS Most common and costly disease of calves causing death and significant production losses. UK Cost Winter outbreaks – autumn born calves more severely affected £80million Generally poorly diagnosed/under diagnosed annually 30% of pens show clinical signs, up to 70% have lung damage at slaughter Clinical signs Pyrexia (often pre-date other respiratory signs) Generalised URT respiratory signs Cough, nasal discharge, lethargy, rapid RR, inappetence Clinical findings Thoracic auscultation poor sensitivity DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Establishing primary cause will help in prevention Evidence of commensal pathogens- significant? Viruses/primary cause still present? Diagnostic Tests Transtracheal Bronchi-alveolar Nasal pharyngeal Post Mortem Serology Ultrasound lavage lavage swabs Samples B R D T R E AT M E N T - I N D I V I D UA L A N I M A L Individual animal at initial presentation Antibiotic Likely secondary bacterial infection after initial viral insult. Gram negative Facultative anaerobes Tetracyclines Lung tissue Chloramphenicol Macrolides Duration of action Fluoroquinolones Licensed NSAID All licenced Supportive therapy Clenbuterol (under cascade) Isolation, warmth, nursing, nutrition Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 BRD DISEASE COMPLEX PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT Environment ‘risk factors’ Temperature Ventilation Ammonia Pathogen Environment Seasonal Stocking density Mixed age groups Pathogen Factors Bedding Disease complex Multiple primary pathogens Multifactorial interactions Host Host ‘Risk factors’ Failure of passive transfer Concurrent infections Stress (transport) Nutrition Husbandry events Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 BRD- PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT Pathogen Factors Environment ‘risk factors’ Host ‘Risk factors’ Disease complex Temperature Failure of passive transfer Multiple primary Ventilation Stress (transport) pathogens Ammonia Nutrition Multifactorial interactions Seasonal Husbandry events Concurrent infections Stocking density Colostrum 3Qs Reducing group size, Mixed age groups Avoid transport and husbandry shared airspaces to reduce Bedding events like disbudding when mixing of pathogens Reducing group size, unwell or alongside other stress between groups, mixing of investigating circulating air, Ensure adequate milk eg when calves from different farms shared airspace, keep age groups cold increase calories in together, provide adequate warmth in winter and ability to cool in summer, dry housing Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 C O N T RO L O F E N V I RO N M E N TA L P RO B L E M S Poor mechanical ventilation Inadequate inlet areas Humidity Lack of high level output #universityofsurrey 18 T H E S TA C K E F F E C T Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 BRD PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT Pathogen factors Host factors Control concurrent infection Newborn calf management BVDV infection Avoid stressors e.g. movement Immunosuppression Husbandry practices on healthy animals Vaccination- viral causes Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0 COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT COLOSTRUM IS GOLD THE 3 QS Quantity, Quality, and Quickly 3L Within first 2 hr >22% = 50mg/ml Ig = good quality colostrum followed by similar feed within 12 hr Colostrum stored appropriately OR Freeze for 1yr 10% BW within 1st 12 hrs Refrigerate @ 4⁰C for Check quality on Brix 24hrs refractometer Bovine Youngstock I 2024 I Version 1.0