Respiratory Disease in Ruminants

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)?

Increased heart rate

Nasal discharge

Pyrexia

Excessive weight gain (correct)

What type of pathogen is Mannheimia haemolytica classified as?

Virus

Protozoa

Fungi

Bacterium (correct)

Which environmental factor is NOT associated with increasing the risk of BRD?

Seasonal changes

Low ammonia levels (correct)

Ventilation

High stocking density

What is considered a primary factor for the development of Bovine Respiratory Disease?

Pathogen exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a viral pathogen associated with BRD?

Parainfluenza virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of - BRD in calves?

Death and production losses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic BRD?

Persistent bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is NOT recommended for controlling BRD in ruminants?

Increase stocking density intentionally Signup and view all the answers

What type of pneumonia is commonly associated with shipping and stress in cattle?

Bacterial pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hosts is most at risk for developing BRD due to failure of passive transfer?

Young calves Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to the economic impact of respiratory disease in calves?

Autumn born calves being more severely affected Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of respiratory disease in calves?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What does a poor sensitivity in thoracic auscultation imply?

It may miss some cases of lung disease Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to identify pathogens in respiratory disease in calves?

Nasal pharyngeal swabs Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for individual animals suffering from respiratory disease?

Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogens are most likely involved in the respiratory disease complex in calves?

Multiple primary pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should NOT be considered an environmental risk factor for respiratory disease in calves?

Increasing calorie intake Signup and view all the answers

Which host factor is linked to increased risk of respiratory disease in calves?

Failure of passive transfer Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stack effect' refer to in the context of respiratory disease management?

Poor ventilation leading to air mixing Signup and view all the answers

Which supportive therapy is used for individual animals diagnosed with BRD?

Clenbuterol under cascade Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help reduce the risk of respiratory disease among calves?

Providing adequate warmth and cooling options Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent stress-related respiratory issues in calves?

Transport excitement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an environmental factor influencing respiratory disease susceptibility?

Population density of the herd Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic challenge in identifying BRD?

Poorly diagnosed or under diagnosed cases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Disease in Cattle and Sheep

Respiratory disease in cattle and sheep is a significant and costly issue.
Autumn-born calves are more severely affected.
30% of pens show clinical signs, and up to 70% show lung damage at slaughter.
Economically, the UK costs approximately £80 million annually.

Learning Objectives

Creating a differential diagnosis list based on history and clinical presentations associated with airway disease, also including diagnostics.
Determining appropriate medical and surgical interventions for airway diseases in ruminants.
Determining the prognosis for individual animals and herds.
Establishing prevention control measures for airway diseases in ruminants.

Lung Anatomy

Ruminant lungs have a small area.
Small tidal volume and surface area.
High respiratory rate (RR).
This makes them more susceptible to disease.

Differential Diagnoses

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Respiratory disease in cattle.
Diphtheria
Aspiration pneumonia: A lung infection caused by inhaling foreign material.
Lungworm
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Fog Fever
Tuberculosis
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Maedi Visna
Laryngeal Chondritis
Nasal Bots

BRD Pathogens

Viruses: Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BHV1, causing IBR), Bovine Coronavirus, Bovine Adenovirus type 3.
Bacteria: Mannheimia haemolytica,Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni.
Mycoplasma: Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar.

BRD Disease Complex

Disease complex is a factor.
Multiple primary pathogens are involved.
Multifactorial interactions occur.
Concurrent infections are possible.

Environmental Risk Factors

Temperature
Ventilation
Ammonia
Seasonal changes
Stocking density
Mixed-age groups
Bedding

Host Risk Factors

Failure of passive transfer.
Stress (transportation)
Nutrition
Husbandry events

Acute BRD Presentations

Primary URT viral infection.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia (infection of the lungs after a viral infection).
Shipping fever: primary bacterial infection, secondary to stress; Mannheimia haemolytica (and possible other pathogens).

Chronic BRD Presentations

BRD pathogens, secondary to acute infection
Truepella pyogenes (causes lung abscesses)
Poor production/growth rates

Clinical Signs of BRD

Pyrexia
Nasal discharge: watery, mucopurulent
Cough
Ocular discharge
Lethargy
Inappetence
Rapid shallow breathing, increased respiratory rate (RR)
Increased heart rate
Outstretched neck indicative of respiratory distress
Inability to determine pathogen from clinical signs alone

Acute vs. Chronic

Visual representation of different clinical presentations of BRD.

BRD Diagnosis

Most common and costly disease of calves.
Causes significant production losses.
Winter outbreaks are common.
Autumn-born calves are affected more severely.
BRD is often under-diagnosed.
30% of pens show clinical signs; 70% have lung damage at slaughter.
Clinical signs of BRD:* Pyrexia often precedes other problems, generalized URT respiratory signs, cough, nasal discharge, lethargy, rapid RR, and inappetence.

Diagnostic Testing

Transtracheal lavage
Broncho-alveolar lavage
Nasal pharyngeal swabs
Post-mortem samples
Serology
Ultrasound

BRD Treatment - Individual Animal

Antibiotics: Likely secondary bacterial infection after viral insult (gram-negatives, facultative anaerobes). Lung tissue affected. Treatment duration is important; licensed products are available.
NSAIDs: Licensed products available.
Supportive care: Clenbuterol (under cascade approach), isolation, warmth, nursing, and nutrition.

Prevention and Management

Reduce group size.
Reduce shared airspaces to reduce pathogen mixing.
Don't mix calves from different farms initially.
Control concurrent infections.
Manage environment: Temperature, Ventilation, Ammonia, Seasonal changes, Stocking Density, Mixed-age Groups, Bedding.
Host risk factors include Passive transfer failure, Stress, Nutrition, and Husbandry events.
Maintain optimal colostrum management.

Colostrum Management

The 3Qs: Quantity, Quality, and Quickly.
Quantity: 3 liters within 2 hours, similar feed within 12 hours.
Quality: ≥ 22% immunoglobulin G (IgG) (50 mg/ml). Correctly store colostrum. Freeze colostrum for up to a year.
Quickly: Within the first 24 hours. Check quality with refractometer to ascertain Brix %.

Control of Environmental Problems

Inadequate inlet areas.
Poor mechanical ventilation.
Lack of high-level output.
Humidity.

The Stack Effect

Warm, humid air rises and exits through outlets at the top of the structure.
Cooler, cleaner air is drawn in through inlets lower on the structure.

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Description

This quiz covers the critical aspects of respiratory diseases affecting cattle and sheep, including clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment options. Learn about the economic impact and prevention measures necessary to manage airway diseases in ruminants effectively.