Respiratory System Lecture Notes 1 PDF

THE RESPIRATOTRY SYSTEM Part I Nasal Cavity 1-What do you see? Epistaxis 2- Can you name the condition? Severe  Epistaxis Definition: Nose bleeding (hemorrhage from the nose) Causes: Trauma Foreign body Neoplasms...

THE RESPIRATOTRY SYSTEM Part I Nasal Cavity 1-What do you see? Epistaxis 2- Can you name the condition? Severe  Epistaxis Definition: Nose bleeding (hemorrhage from the nose) Causes: Trauma Foreign body Neoplasms squamous cell tumor of the anterior nasal cavity in cats Cattle: Ruptured pulmonary vessels (aneurism)  Horse Ethmoidal hematoma Guttural pouch mycosis Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage Hemoptysis: coughing up blood or presence of blood in mouth  Nasal Congestion and Hyperemia Bloat Inhalation of irritant Gases Inflammation. A Cow Very depressed Difficult noisy respiration enlarged superficial lymph nodes Unilateral Catarrhal or Mucopurulent Rhinitis, Acute, nasal discharge 1-What do you see? 2- Can you give me a morphologic diagnosis (MDx)?  Rhinitis Definition: Inflammation of the nasal cavity Clinically: characterized by nasal discharge (unilateral or bilateral)  Classification Types of Rhinitis According Duration Acute Subacute Chronic Chess like material 1-Unilateral nasal discharge mucopurulent rhinits (dog) 2-nasal congesion(ventral choncae),gray sheet, Finrinous rhinitis (cattle)  Sequels of Rhinitis Lymphadenitis Accumulation of pus in sinus is termed Empyema DISEASES OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND NASAL SINUSES Cattle  Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)  Definition: Acute viral disease of cattle  Cause: Bovine herpesvirus 1  Forms: 1- Respiratory 2- Genital: bulls (infectious pustular balanoposthitis) and cows (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) 3- Abortion  Grossly: 1- Respiratory form Hyperemia of the nares (red nose) Erosion, ulceration and grayish necrotic foci on the in the upper respiratory tract & oral cavity Nasal mucosa and trachea covered with serous, mucoid , purulent or fibrinous exudate (pseudodiphtheritic yellowish membrane)  2- Genital Form Erosion and ulceration on penis and prepuce (vulva and vagina) Microscopically Necrosis of epithelial cells, intra-nuclear inclusion bodies Squeal predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia, which may result in death.  Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)  Definition: Multi-systemic disease of cattle and wild ruminants  Cause: Ovine herpesvirus-2  Grossly: Ocular: Corneal opacity (edema), ocular mucopurulent discharge Gastrointestinal tract: Extensive mucosal erosions from oral cavity to rectum Respiratory: Nasal mucosa covered with serous, mucoid , purulent or fibrinous exudate (pseudodiphtheritic yellowish membrane) Kidney: Multiple raised necrotic foci  Microscopically: lympho-proliferation  vasculitis  Horse Unilateral, mucopurulent rhinitis  Strangles  Definition: important Bacterial disease disease of equine  Cause: Streptococcus equi  Grossly: 1- purulent (suppurative) rhinitis 2- lymphadenitis with formation of abscesses (retropharyngeal Lymph node).  Squeal 1- purpura hemorrhagica (vasculitis). 2- Involvement of retro pharyngeal lymph nodes can compress laryngeal nerves and cause laryngeal hemiplegia. Lymph node, foal, Enlarged, neutrophilis,pus,glucoma, nasak discharge, mucopurulant. Fine needle  Glanders  Definition: Highly contagious and zoonotic disease (granulomatous) of Horses Noadules with chess material  Cause: Burkholderia mallei (bacteria)  Forms: 1- Cutaneous ( called Farcy) 2- Nasal 3- Pulmonary  Grossly 1- Nasal form A- Acute stage: Purulent rhinitis B- Chronic stage: Nodules and ulcer on nasal mucosa and septum Granulmatus rhinitis ,nodual that ulcer,that 2- Skin form A- Nodules along course of lymphatic vessels especially medial aspect of the leg B- Nodules ulcerate and discharge highly sticky pus 3- Pulmonary Form A- Pulmonary nodules with caseous or calcified centers  Microscopically The nodules is formed of pyogranuloma  Sheep Dry exudated,  Nasal bots (Myiasis)  The adult fly , Oestrus ovis, lays eggs at the nasal orifice. eggs hatch and larvae migrate to the nasal cavity and sinuses  Pasteurella multocida  Mannheimia haemolytica.  Foreign body rhinitis (plant material) Foreign Body Rhinitis, Midsagittal Section of Head,Nasal Cavity, Timothy Grass, Sheep  Dog Viruses  Canine Distemper (Morbillivirus)  Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2) Kennel Cough  Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPI-1)..  Canine Flu (canine influenza) Nasal discharge, mucopurulent Bacterial rhinitis  Bordetella bronchiseptica  Cat  Viruses  Feline Rhinotracheitis (FHV-1)  Feline Calicivirus bacterial rhinitis  Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydial: Chlamydiophila psittaci Mycotic:  Cryptococcus neoformans 40:30  NASAL TUMORS Enzootic Nasal Carcinoma Retroviral-induced neoplasia sheep The most common nasal tumors: Non-epithelial 1. Fibrosarcoma 2. Osteosarcoma 3. Chondrosarcoma epithelial tumors 1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma