Medicinal Plants PGC/PGD 102 PDF

12/6/2022 Medicinal Plants PGC/PGD 102 Dr. Samar Bassam, PHD Medicinal Leaves ILOs Authentication of medicinal plants Knowledge of uses and constituents of medicinal plants...

12/6/2022 Medicinal Plants PGC/PGD 102 Dr. Samar Bassam, PHD Medicinal Leaves ILOs Authentication of medicinal plants Knowledge of uses and constituents of medicinal plants 1  12/6/2022 Solanaceous leaves ‫اوراق ست الحسن‬ Belladonna Stramonium BELLADONNA LEAVES (Deadly nightshade leaves) ‫أوراق ست الحسن‬ The dried leaf with or without the flowering tops of Atropa belladonna family Solanaceae. It yields not less than 0.35% of alkaloids. 2  12/6/2022 Eye drops Morphology Shape: oval lanceolate Petiole: short Size: 5-25 cm L, 3-15 cm W Base: slightly decurrent Margin: entire Apex: acute Lateral veins arise at 60O 3  12/6/2022 Microscopical characters The leaf is dorsiventral The epidermis having striated cuticle being sinuous on the lower epidermis. Stomata are anisocytic. Hairs: - glandular clavate hairs. - Uniseriate non glandular hair The mesophyll shows a single layer of palisade and occasionally idioblasts of microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate in the spongy parenchyma. Belladonna Powder It is green to brownish green with slight odor and bitter taste. It is characterized microscopically by: Fragments of epidermis showing wavy walled cells covered with striated cuticle and anisocytic stomata. Numerous fragments of mesophyll with idioblasts of microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate. Occasional non glandular trichomes, 2-6 celled, glandular clavate hairs and vessels. 4  12/6/2022 Identify the following Constituents: Alkaloids Hyoscyamine Hyoscine (scopolamine) Atropine Belladonine. Sympathetic response 5  12/6/2022 Uses: It is used as antispasmodic (smooth muscle relaxant) Mydriatic (eye drops) Atropine injection in cardiac arrest Test for Identity: General test for alkaloids Shake about 0.20 g of powdered Belladonna leaf with 2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, filter, and add drops of Mayers reagent, a creamy precipitate is immediately formed. Specific test for Solanaceous alkaloids Vitali Morin‘s test 6  12/6/2022 STRAMONIUM LEAVES ‫اوراق الداتورا‬ (Thorn Apple Leaves) Formed of dried leaves with or without flowering tops of Datura stramonium family Solanaceae. It yields not less than 0.25% of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine. Morphology Shape: ovate to triangular Petiole: short Size: 5-10 cm L, 3-7 cm W Base: slightly asymmetric Margin: irregularly dentate Apex: acuminate Lateral veins arise at 45O 7  12/6/2022 Microscopical Characters The leaf is dorsiventral. Epidermal cells are thin with sinuous walls and a smooth cuticle. Stomata are anisocytic. Non glandular hairs are uniseriate 1-3 usually 4 cells with enlarged basal cell and warty cuticle. Glandular hairs are clavate similar to those of Belladonna. The mesophyll shows a single layer of palisade followed by a crystal layer 1 cell thick, each cell contains a cluster crystal of calcium oxalate. The midrib has upper and lower hypodermal collenchyma. Stramonium Powder It is geryish green to brownish green, characterized microscopically by: Fragments of epidermis with anisocytic stomata. Fragments of mesophyll containing cluster of calcium oxalate. Fragments of clavate glandular hairs and warty non glandular hairs 8  12/6/2022 Identify the following 3 1 2 4 Constituents: It contains 0.26-0.45% of total alkaloids mainly hyoscyamine and hyoscine. Atropine is formed from hyoscyamine as a result of racemization during the process of extraction. Atropine is the racemic mixture of d- & l- hyoscyamine 9  12/6/2022 Hyoscyamus muticus Egyptian henbane ‫السكران المصري‬ Same alkaloids Same uses Hyoscine has a sedative effect. It is used in motion sickness SQUILL (Scilla) ‫بصل العنصل‬ White squill is the dried sliced fleshy scales of the bulb of Uriginea maritima family Liliaceae. Aerial leaves Fleshy scales 10  12/6/2022 Macroscopical Characters Microscopical Characters Undifferentiated mesophyll..why? 11  12/6/2022 Squill Powder , It is white to light yellowish brown, characterized by: Fragments of epidermal cells with stomata. Fragments of mesophyll showing large parenchyma cells containing bundles of raphides of calcium oxalate and mucilage. Numerous raphides of calcium oxalate either free or in bundles. Constituents: The cardiac glycosides scillaren A and scillaren B. Polysaccharides sinistrin and mucilage. 12  12/6/2022 Uses: Squill has digitalis like action on the heart, i.e. cardiotonic.( now prohibited) In a small dose, it is used as expectorant In large doses, as emetic. Other medicinal leaves, 1- Volatile oil 1- Urinary tract antiseptic Buchu 2- Diosmin 2- treatment of Varicose veins 1- local anaesthetic Coca cocaine (addiction) Jaborhandi pilocarpine Eye drops in glaucoma (miotic) 13  12/6/2022 Squill Senna Digitalis Belladonna Stramonium (white) dried leaflets of dried leaves of the dried leaf with or dried leaves with dried sliced Cassia acutifolia Digitalis without the or without fleshy scales of F. Leguminosae purpurea family flowering tops of flowering tops of the bulb of Scrophulariaceae Atropa Datura Uriginea. belladonna family stramonium maritima family Solanaceae. family Liliaceae. Solanaceae. Key elements: 1-anomocytic 1-fragments of 1-mesophyll raphides of 1- fibers with stomata mesophyll with containing cluster calcium oxalate crystal sheath 2 -glandular hairs idioblasts of calcium oxalate either free or in 2-unicellular hair 3-non-glandular 2-epidermal cells 2-clavate bundles with warty cuticle hairs with wavy walls glandular hair 3-paracytic 4-no pericyclic and anisocytic 3 3- anisocytic stomata fibers & no Ca stomata stomata Oxalate crystals 3-non-glandular trichomes Isobilateral leaf Dorsiventral leaf Dorsiventral leaf Dorsiventral leaf Scaly leaf Squill Senna Digitalis Belladonna Stramonium (white) Constituents: Cardiac Alkaoids: alkaloids mainly 1)cardiac anthraquinone Glycosides: -Hyoscyamine hyoscyamine and glycosides glycosides: Purpurea -Hyoscine hyoscine. scillaren A and sennosides A & B Glycosides A and (scopolamine) scillaren B. B -Atropine 2)Polysaccharide -Belladonine. sinistrin 3) mucilage. laxative in small 1- As cardiotonic 1-antispasmodic Same as belladonna small dose: dose and and diuretic. (smooth muscle expectorant purgative in 2-treatment of relaxant) large doses, as large dose. congestive heart 2-mydriatic. emetic. failure and 3-Atropine injection auricular in cardiac arrest fibrillation. Chemical test: 1- Mayer’s : general test for alkaloids Modified 2-Vitali Morin test (test for solanaceous Borntrager’s alkaloids) 14 12/6/2022 15