Medicinal Plants PHG 101 Lecture 2 Introduction PDF

Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 2 Important terms Nomenclature of plants Important Terms 3 Official and Unofficial Drugs Official drugs = listed and described in Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeias British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) Germa...

Medicinal Plants PHG 101 By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 2 Important terms Nomenclature of plants Important Terms 3 Official and Unofficial Drugs Official drugs = listed and described in Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeias British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) German commission E American herbal pharm. (A.H.P.) Egyptian Pharm. (E.P.) Deutsch Pharm. (D.A.B.) World health organization (W.H.O.) United States Pharm. (U.S.P) Folk medicine = ‫الطب الشعبى‬ (Traditional) Not supported by animal or clinical studies 5  6 Phytotherapy = science based medical practice  Complementary medicine Alternative medicine ‫الطب التكميلي‬ ‫الطب البديل‬ Used in addition to Used to replace conventional conventional medicine medicine Dietary supplements Meditation Physiotherapy Massage 7 Nutraceuticals = food supplements Any substance considered as food or part of food that provide health value (Prevention and protection)in addition to its nutritive value. As vitamins, garlic tablets, fortified dairy products Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceutical products used to treat diseases Flora = book devoted to the plants of particular region and also restricted to a major segment in the plant kingdom.  Classification of drugs for study Alphabetical : Latin or English name, used in pharmacopeias. Taxonomic : phyla, orders, family. Morphological : -organized drugs: leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, roots. -unorganized drugs: extracts, gums, resins, oil, waxes Chemical : drugs containing alkaloids, volatile oils etc... Pharmacological or Therapeutic : astringents ‫ قابض لعالج االسهال‬, drugs treating GIT (gastrointestinal tract), cardio tonics ‫مقوي‬ ‫للقلب‬, laxative ‫ ملين‬, anthelmintics ‫ طارد للديدان‬etc.... Origin (source) of Drugs: (Natural-Commercial- Geographical) Natural (Biological ) Origin: It is the plant or animal yielding the drug. The Binomial system (made by the Swedish biologist Linnaus): Genus species (followed by author name) Example: Atropa belladonna L. (italic) Atropa belladonna L. (underlined) Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 1. Some striking characters of the plant: Atropa belladonna (bella: beautiful-donna: lady) (Atropus: greek fate who kills, being poisonous) 2. A characteristic color: Piper nigrum (nigrum, due to the black color of the fruit) ‫الفلفل األسود‬ Digitalis purpurea (purpurea, due to the purple color of the flower) 12 Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 3. A geographical source: Cannabis indica (indica, from India) 4. A characteristic odor: Myristica fragrans (having a characteristic nice aroma) Caryophyllous aromaticus (refer to the aroma) Specific names are usually chosen to indicate 5. A pharmaceutical activity or active constituents: Strychnos nux vomica (vomica, induce vomiting) Quillaia saponaria (saponaria, contain saponin substance like soap) Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana: Jean Nicot, a French scientist, who probably introduced tobacco into Europe Tabacum: Indian name for the pipe or tube used for smoking it. Papaver somniferum (induce sleep) Ipomoea purga (purgative ‫) ملين قوي‬ 2. Geographical Origin: It means the habitat i.e., region in which the plant or animal which yields the drug grows. Plants growing in their native countries are said to be indigenous plants. Plants, not of native origin are called exotic plants. Habitat is important to give indication about soil characters, climatic conditions, altitude e.g., Cinchona calisaya native to Brazil and grows at high altitude and warm moist conditions plants with high % of A.C. In India, the soil is similar to brazil but not the same altitude low % of A.C. 16  3. Commercial Origin: Refers to its production and its channel of trade. e.g. English Hyoscymus leaves gathered from England Alexandrian senna shipped from Alexandria Spanish liquorice, produced in Spain  Source of medicinal plants Cultivated plants or wild plants ? Which is better? Cultivated ‫نباتات مزروعة‬ Wild ‫نباتات برية‬ cost High-cost production Low cost Distribution Easy to reach Sparse distribution Market Supply Regular and constant Insufficiency of supply sufficient supply workers Well-trained workers Done by ignorant unskilled people Improvement Improving soil conditions Cannot be improved Dr. Manal Sabry