Botany (Medicinal Plants) General Intro PDF

# 3 BOTANY (Medicinal Plants) (General Intro) Herbal Pharmacist Dr. Ahmed Abu Talib # 5 STORAGE Medicinal Plants Course ## Bad Storage Conditions Lead To General Undesirable Changes - Aromatic Drugs Lose Their Aroma. - Drugs Containing Fixed Oil May Be Rancid. - Drugs Containing Volatile Oils May B...

# 3 BOTANY (Medicinal Plants) (General Intro) Herbal Pharmacist Dr. Ahmed Abu Talib # 5 STORAGE Medicinal Plants Course ## Bad Storage Conditions Lead To General Undesirable Changes - Aromatic Drugs Lose Their Aroma. - Drugs Containing Fixed Oil May Be Rancid. - Drugs Containing Volatile Oils May Be Resinified. - Senstive Drugs Lose Their Activity .e.g. ## W.H.O Guidelines For Storage Of Crude Drugs 1. Storage Facilities For Medicinal Materials Should Be - Well Aerated - Dry - Protected From Light - When Necessary Be Supplied With Air Conditioning And Humidity Control Equipment. - Together With Facilities To Protect Against Rodents And Insects. 2. Herbal Drugs Containing Essential Oils Shoud Be Stored In Dry, Well Aerated Container In Which Daily Temperature Fluctuations Are Limited To Avoid Loss Of Odor. 3. Fresh Medicinal Plant Material Shoul Be Stored At Low Temperature 4. Small Quantities Of Crude Drugs Should Be - Store In Moisture Free, Air Proof, Light Proof Container At Low Temp. - V.O & F.O Should Be Stored Under Inert Gas. - Certain Drugs Should Be Stored At Least ONE Year Before Use e.g (Cascara & Frangula Barks) - ...Used As Laxatives ?? - Bec. They Contain Glycosides Which Cause Vomiting (Emesis) But During Storage These Glycosides Are Hydrolysis & Lose Its Side Effects. Dr Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837) # Factors Affect Storage Of Drugs Medicinal Plants Course ## Physico Chemical Factors - Moisture - Light - Temperature - Air ## Biological Factors - Bacteria - Moulds - Worms - Insects - Rodents ## A Physico Chemical Factors ### 1) Moisture - Increase The Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of A.C & Increase Growth Of M.O & ↑ Weight of the drug. e.g. digitalis. - To Over Come This Effect, The Drug Is Subjected TO STABILIZATION (Inactivation Of Enzymes) ### Temporary Stabilization (Partial) - Done By Storing The Drug In Containers Contain Dehydrating Agent Such As Quick Lime (CaO) Or CaCL2. - Dehydrating Agent Is Better Put At The Stopper Of The Container (Not At Base) → This Giving No Chance For Moisture To Get In Contact With The Drug. ### Permenant Stabilization (Complete) - Done By Exposing The Fresh Drug To Alcohol Vapors Or Immersing The Fresh Drug In Alcohol (Destroy Enzymes Permanently) Dr/Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837) # Fermentation Medicinal Plants Course - Fermentation Or Enzymatic Transformation Of The Original Plant Constituents Is Sometimes Desirable. - The Fresh Material Is Placed In Thick Layers & Sometimes Covered And Exposed To Raised Temperature (30-40), ↑ Humidity → To Accelerate The Enzymatic Processes. - This Method Is Done In Tea Factory !! - The Fermentation Product Should Be Dried Afterward To Prevent Micro Organism Attacks e.g. Molds. ## Advantages Of Fermentation 1. Remove Bitter Or Unpleasant Tasting Substances. 2. Promote The Formation Of Aromatic Compounds With Pleasant Smell Or Taste. (It Is Mainly Applied To Drugs Used As Spices Or Stimulants e.g. Vanillia, Tea) ### 2) Light ( Phyto Chemical Reaction ) - To Over Come These Effects Of Light - Most Drugs Should Be Stored In The Dark Or Or Amber-Colored Glass Containers. ### 3) Temperature - To Over Come These Effects Of Light - Most Drugs Should Be Stored In Low temp. ### 4) Air (Oxygen) - Oxygen May Cause Oxidation Of A.C Of The Drugs - examples (Fixed Oil) Rancidity or Resinification ?? Dr/Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837) # B Biological Factors Medicinal Plants Course - Caused By Bacteria, Moulds, Worms & Insects & Rodents. ## Methods Of Controlling Of Infestation ### Heat Treatment - Expose The drug to Temperature of 60-65 °C. To kills insects and their eggs. - NB This Method Is Not Suitable For A.C Destroyed By Heat (Thermolabile Drugs) ### Freezing (Low Temp.) - Expose The drug to temp. (-10 to -15 °C) for (12-18 hrs) to kill insects & their eggs. - NB Exposure To Alternate Low And High Temperature Is Better Than Prolonged Low Temp. ### Fumigation - Expose The drug to Volatile Insecticides in closed area e.g - Carbon Tetrachloride (non inflammable) - Carbon bisulfide and cyanide (Toxic) - T-gas (a mix of 90% Ethylene oxide + 10% CO2) - "Safe Used For Medicinal Plants" - NB Fumigation should be Repeated At Intervals (Each 15 Days) To Permit Eggs To Hatch & Young Larvae To Be Killed (As Not Kill Eggs) ### Liming - Dip The drug in freshly Slacked Lime or sprinkled with quick lime → This will block the respiratory system of insects & larvae. - E.g Ginger and Nutmeg ## RODENTS - They Cause Spoilage Of Drug During Storage - Drugs present In Paper, Cloth, Card-Board Or Wooden Containers are affected by rodents (So Drug Is Better Stored In Glass, Plastic Or Metal Containers) - Rodenticides → Alpha Naphthyl Thio Urea (ANTU) may be used to kill rates & mice. Dr/Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837) # QUESTIONS Medicinal Plants Course ## Q1: Put (T) For The True And (F) For The False Statement: 1. Cascara & Frangula Barks Should Be Stored At Least One Year Before Use 2. Moisture & Light Are Examples For Biological Factors Affecting The Storage Of Drugs 3. Rodents & Insects Are Of The Biological Factors 4. Moisture Increase The Growth Of Microorganisms 5. To Avoid The Effect Of Light, Drugs Should Be Stored In Dark Bottels 6. Heat Treatment Is Suitable Method For Thermolabile Drugs 7. In Liming, We Expose Drug To Volatile Insecticide 8. T-Gas Consists Of 90 % CO2 & 10% Ethylene Oxide 9. Fumigation Should Be Repeated Many Times 10. Alternate Period Of High & Low Temperature Is More Effective For Killing Insects Than Prolonged Low Temperature 11. We Can Use "Antu" As Rodenticide ## B) Complete: 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Are Physiological Factors That Affects Storage Of Drug. 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Are Of The Biological Factors 3. Oxidation Of F.O Leads To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ While Oxidation Of V.0 Leads To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. In Fumigation, We Expose The Drug To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ As T-Gas Which Consists Of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Dr/Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837) # Adulteration Medicinal Plants Course - Debasement (decrease in quality) of any article & Occur When The Drug Expensive Or Rare. ## TYPES OF ADULTERATIONS ### 1- Sophistication (True Adulteration) - It is The Addition Of Inferior Material To Any Article With Intend To Defraud (Cheat) ### Examples 1. Ginger (Yellowish White Pd With Pungent Taste) - Adulterated By Adding - White Flour - Capsicum → To Restore Pungency. - Curcuma To Restore Color. ### 3- Admixture - It is The addition of one article to another through Accident, Ignorance Or Carelessness ### Examples - Faulty Collection (Collection of other parts of the same plant or another plant by mistake) ### 5- Spoilage - It Is The Form Of Deterioration In Which The Article Usefullness Is Destroyed By The Action Of Bacteria Or Fungi. - Unfit for human consumption. ### 2- Substitution - Entirely Different Article Is Used Or Sold In Place Of Original Drugs. - • Types - 1- Inferior Commercial Variey → Dog senna & Arabian senna to adulterate alex. Senna. - 2- Exhausted → Exhausted clove, carawy, Fennel coriander. - 3- Superficially Similar but cheaper → Xanthium leaves to adulterate stramonoium ### 4- Inferiority - By Using Substandard Drugs To the Original Drug - Example: Nux vomica seeds contain < 1.15 ** strychnine (inferior quality) ### 6- Addition Of Worthless Heavy Materials To The Drugs - By adding stones & sand to weight of the drug ......e.g. Olive stones added to liquorice # QUESTIONS Medicinal Plants Course ## Q1: Put (T) For The True And (F) For The False Statement: 1. White Flour, Capsicum, Curcuma Are Used To Adultrate Ginger 2. We Add Capsicum To Ginger To Restore Yellow Color 3. Substitution Is Said To Be True Adulteration Dr/Ahmed Abu Talib (0111 289 2837)