Unit 5 Topics (1750-1900) PDF

Unit 5: Revolutions C. 1750 - 1900 Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment (by V. Vu, using Ms. Adamson’s template) Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and rel...

Unit 5: Revolutions C. 1750 - 1900 Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment (by V. Vu, using Ms. Adamson’s template) Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications. Explain the intellectual and ideological Intellectual and Ideological context of revolutions: context in which revolutions swept the 1.) Enlightenment/Natural thinking Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. Enlightenment Philosophies: was a new way of understanding and thinking; it was based on rational thinking and proof rather than tradition, religion, and a divine god Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist John Locke: advocated that all humans had a natural right, given to them from a living being, approaches to both the natural world and no matter their race, culture, or religion: life, liberty, and property, which was highlighted in his human relationships; they also reexamined natural rights doctrine the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Empiricist: the thought that reality is revealed through the senses; scientific reasoning and Philosophers developed new political ideas experiments rather than traditional thinking about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. Social Contract: was the idea that the people of a state had overall political power, however, chooses to give some of it to the government, so the government can ensure that the people The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment are able to practice their natural rights of life, liberty, and property thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions Natural rights: rights that all people possess no matter their identity; life, liberty, property and rebellions against existing governments. Nationalism: people with the same ethnic, culture, traditional identity are loyal to their nation Laissez-Faire: argued that in order for the economic system to thrive for the government and people, then that the government should have no participation in economic choices. Thematic Focus - Social Interactions anculd Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Explain how the Enlightenment affected How Enlightenment affected societies: societies over time. 1.) Coerced Labor Abolition of Slavery: was when slavery was banned, this was due to enlightenment thinking, Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals stating that everyone had equal natural rights, also that religious scripture such as the bible influenced various reform movements. These and the Quran does not accept this method either reform movements contributed to the End of Serfdom: the end of Serfdom in Russian, more than 25 million serfs were freed expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom. 2.) Female Rights Women’s Suffrage: demanding that women should be permitted to vote due to the natural Demands for women’s suffrage and laws of life, liberty, and property as well as the rise of equality thinking emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies. Feminism: the advocacy for women’s rights on the basis of equality of the sexes Mary Wollstonecraft: a woman who advocated for women’s suffrage, rights, and education Demands: Vindication of the Rights of Woman: A book by Wollstonecraft challenging sexes inequality, Mary Wollstonecraft’s A that women should be equal to men, politically, educationally, and socially Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of Declaration of Sentiment: A declaration that borrowed heavily from the American Declaration the Rights of Woman and of the of Independence; stating that “all men and women are equal” Female Citizen Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen: stated that like men Seneca Falls Conference (1848) women also have natural and sacred rights. organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention: a convention advocating for women’s rights and suffrage, by Elizabeth Cady Suffrage: the right to vote; however during this period only wealthy men could vote  Topic 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and gov obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Explain causes and effects of the Liberalism: political philosophy promoting individual rights, liberty, and democracy various revolutions in the period from Nationalism: people with the same ethnic, culture, traditional identity are loyal to their nation 1750 to 1900. American Revolution (1775-1783): People around the world developed a Causes: new sense of commonality based on 1.) Taxation on American colony by Britain language, religion, social customs, Townshend Act: tax on British china, glass, lead, paper, tea that was imported to the colonies and territory. This was sometimes Stamp Act: tax on everything printed; received British stamp harnessed by governments to foster “No taxation without representation”: a phrase used during rebellions to show America's anger a sense of unity. toward Brit as they didn’t have a say in the British parliament but were stilled taxed 2.) American identity The 18th century marked the Political Autonomy: self-government rather than monarchy beginning of an intense period of English “Identity”: Identity that the Americans saw themselves as rather than seeing themselves as revolution and rebellion against British; Britain challenged this existing governments, leading to the American Declaration of Independence: a breakup letter to the British, that the colonies would establishment of new nation-states choose their own government and practice equality. around the world. Effects: 1.) Rights Discontent with monarchist and Bill of Rights: freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly imperial rule encouraged the -Slaves/ colored people weren’t treated equally development of systems of - only men were permitted to vote, and the elite government and various ideologies, 2.) Gov system including democracy and Checks and Balances: balancing the power of gov; no person/group had sole political power 19th-century liberalism. Separation of Church and State: political distance btwn relationship of state and church Federalism: gov system where power is divided; national gov and gov units “Gentlemen Class”: class of wealthy white men; had political authority; Washington, Adams, Jefferson Call for national unification or liberation: French Revolution (1789-1799): Propaganda Movement in Causes: the Philippines 1.) Social Conflict Maori nationalism and the -Peasants were harshly taxed, debt to landowners, X paid for public work, starvation New Zealand wars in New - Nobles didn't like the rise in tax. Zealand -middle class wanted more government privileges. Puerto Rico—writings of National Assembly: rep 3rd estate (commoners) in general estate; disliked that other estates (2%) Lola Rodríguez de Tió had the same vote as they did so they relayed people to revolt in order to gain a government German and Italian constitutionally, food, and equality. unification Declaration of Rights of Man and for the Citizen: drawn up by the National Assembly that Balkan nationalisms EVERYONE should have the right to practice their natural rights and equality Ottomanism Italian and German Effects: Unification (due to alliance 1.) Gov system and nationalism) - Napoleon became the new dictator of France -The administration was replaced with 83 departments. 2.) Church power -The Cathedral of Notre Dame was turned into The Temple of Reasoning. -The National Assembly ensured that everyone was equal, released slaves, and church land was redistributed. -state replaced Catholic church for registering births, marriages, deaths Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): Causes: 1.) Freedom/Harsh conditions -Slaves influenced by the French rev liberty; wanted freedom for themselves -Thought they were free after the French King announced the end to slavery. - tough work and living conditions Saint Domingue: French colony that housed 8,000 plantations, produced 40% of global sugar and coffee=massed slavery Toussaint Louverture who was also a former slave and led the rebellion to victory. Effect: - Freedom of slaves in Saint Dominque, slavery in other areas started rose to make up for Saint Dominque production -redistributed white land -all Haitian citizens were equal Haitian Declaration of Independence: Declares Haiti’s indepen from France and freedom of slaves.  Latin American Revolution (1808-1825): Causes: 1.) Social Conflict - peasants and the creoles wanted to overrule, Peninsulares and their privileges Creoles: 2nd class whites; owned large agricultural property; angry w/increase in tax Spain’s mercantilist policies that did not benefit creoles The Royal Fifth: revenue in the form of 20% tax on produce Simone Bolivar: military leader; lead Latin Amer rev; X mercantilism Letter from Jamaica (1815): letter by Simon Bolivar that stated the inequality that the people are being faced with, it inspired resistance to the Spanish and highlight democracy and natural rights Effects: - church lost its power -most Peninsulares went back to France -Spain started to practice popular sovereignty (political power derived from people, not God). Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations, in turn, shape their environments. Explain how environmental factors How environmental factors contributed to industrialization: contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1.) Europe’s environment 1900. -proximity to waterways, such as in Europe let Europeans trade globally easier with the use for their rivers and canals A variety of factors contributed to the -Eur soil had coal, iron, and timber which were aggressively mined to be used as the essential growth of industrial production and energy source for the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in the Industrial -because Europe had colonies all over the globe, it was easy for them to access foreign Revolution, including: resources (East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Americas) Proximity to waterways; access to 2.) Agricultural system rivers and canals Crop Rotation: rotation of crops on the patch of soil in order to maximize the solid nutrients Geographical distribution of coal, Seed Drill: that accurately placed the seed into the soil at the correct place and depth iron, and timber Accumulation of Capital: let governments invest in entrepreneurial opportunities Urbanization Factory System: producing goods in mass consumption Improved agricultural productivity Specialization of labor: the need for skilled laborers decreased as laborers were only needed to Access to foreign resources work machinery, with repetitive movements Accumulation of capital Interchangeable Parts: parts that could be used for any item similar to it; could be used a s a replacement piece Urbanization: the creation of cities Topic 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Explain how different modes and locations The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and of production have developed and changed the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the over time. first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined. The decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing as Britain was mass producing as a fast rate: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia Ironworks in India Textile production in India and Egypt  Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Explain how technology shaped economic First Industrial Revolution (1760s-1850s): focused on steam, iron and textiles production over time. Second Industrial Revolution (1860s-1900s): focused on steels, gas power, communications The development of machines, including How technology shaped econ production: steam engines and the internal 1.) Transportation (fast/efficient transportation=^trade=^econ) combustion engine, made it possible to Steamships: ships that used a steam engine, could go up the current, and increased take advantage of both existing and vast trade/transportation efficiency newly discovered resources of energy Locomotives: trains that used steam engine and railroads to transport people and goods stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and Trans-Siberian Railroad: railroad created by the Russians that psnaded as far as the East oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly Asians, and helped Russian trade with other regions (China!) increased the energy available to human Trans-Contenentail Railroad: railroad in the Americas that helped transport people from east to societies. west and vice versa The “second industrial revolution” led to 2.) Communication new methods in the production of steel, Telegraph: communicative item that sent long and short electric pulses across the world chemicals, electricity, and precision Telephone: communicative item that sent human voices across the world machinery during the second half of the 19th century. 4.) Engines Internal Combustion Engine: used a pristine to turn cranks and was powered by gasoline Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph Steam Engine: way in which steam and coal were used to produce a limitless amount of energy made exploration, development, and that could be used towards building factories that weren’t near waterways, as well as used in communication possible in interior regions transportation vehicles globally, which led to increased trade and migration. 5.) Machines=mass production Water Frame: wheel that powered other machines when placed in a moving current Spinning Jenny: A loom that spun cotton created mass production of cloth Bessemer Process: process that torched iron to make steel, increased steel production -increases in mines for gas and oils, Kerosene (used in lamps) and gasoline (used in intern eng) Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Explain the causes and effects of As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments economic strategies of different states and promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. empires. The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era. State-sponsored visions of industrialization: Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt  Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Explain the development of economic Dev of econ systems, ideologies, institutions and their change: systems, ideologies, and institutions and 1.) Econ ideologies BEFORE how they contributed to change in the Mercantilism: ideology that there was a fixed amount of money, money was in the form of silver period from 1750 to 1900. and gold, government encouraged esports rather than imports; a lot of government intervention → abandon mercantilism Joint Stock Market: market where investors invested in a company, and shareholders would profit The global nature of trade and production if the company profited, but if the company was declining, than the shareholders would have to pay contributed to the proliferation of the company’s debt large-scale transnational businesses → there was a Joint Stock Market before, but changed to the use of corporations during this period that relied on new practices in banking and finance. 2.) Econ ideologies (AFTER) Laissez-Faire Capitalism: A theory by Adam Smith stating that the government should have no Transnational businesses: participation in the economy, that if they let the people make decisions then it would play in Hong Kong and Shanghai economical favor of both the people and the government; no government intervention; “let it be” Banking Corporation (HSBC) Free Market: no limit to wealth, people should be left alone; minimal government intervention Unilever based in England and Unilever Corporations: cooperation selling and producing soap for a profit, is still used to this day the Netherlands and operating in Limited-liability corporations: similar to Joint Stock Market, but the shareholder’s debt to the British West Africa and the company was limited of that of what they originally invested Belgian Congo 3.) Banks (to keep up with econ) Financial instruments: Transnational businesses: new practices of banking Stock markets Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC):A bank established when the European Limited-liability corporations entered China, where they could keep their money from their opium collection/trade Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Explain the causes and effects of calls for Causes of calls for changes in industrial societies: changes in industrial societies from 1750 Utilitarianism: an idea that stated individual action should be for the happiness of the whole rather to 1900. than the individual Karl Marx: Believed that Bourgeoisie (factory owners) benefits from the economy were at the In industrialized states, many workers expense of the proletariat (working class) happiness organized themselves, often in labor Socialism: the idea that the government should help decrease inequality unions, to improve working conditions, Communism: The demolish of any social class; everyone is equal limit hours, and gain higher wages. -bad work/living conditions (Tenements) Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting Effects of calls for change: alternative visions of society Labor Unions:the union of the working class people, who wanted to better their working conditions, and stroke against the government Discontent with established power → effect: government added minimum wage, 5 day work week, and limited hours of labor laws structures encouraged the development of → child labor laws; sttes the no child under the age of 10 could work in the coal mines various ideologies, including those Franchise: the right to vote; extended to all males, then 10 years later extended to all women espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.  Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Explain how industrialization caused How industrialization caused change in social hierarchy/living standards change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. Middle Class: professions the were required in industrial society; doctors, lawyers, engineers, scientists, private property owners New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, Industrial working class: manual laborers who worked in the mines, ports, and factories; made developed. up of 70% of the British population → lived in filthy, crowded, stuffed conditions While women and often children in → Manchaster and London were urban cities with the worst conditions working class families typically held → SMOG build up from factory production= horrible air quality wage-earning jobs to supplement their → urine, trash, and feces were thrown onto the roads and rivers families’ income, middle-class women who → factory pollution was abundant in rivers did not have the same economic demands → poor plumbing system and non-sufficiente water source to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles → rooms were crowded with whole families, sick people in the household or roles focused on child → Cholera disease spread, and famine spread due to tight spaces development. Tenements: building that were overcrowded with working class families The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety Decline of Aristocracy: Aristocrats that were once, at the top of the hierarchy, were being of challenges, including pollution, poverty, surpassed by businessmen, factory owners, and agricultural owners due to the need of urban increased crime, public health crises, money. housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth. Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Explain the extent to which The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, industrialization brought change from 1750 and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, to 1900. affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ○ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ○ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ○ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. ○ Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires