Social Studies 10-1 Study Booklet PDF
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This document is a social studies study booklet, potentially for a 10-1 course, covering concepts related to globalization and social issues. It provides definitions and details about various historical events and ideas, like the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and Industrial Revolution, and the influences on globalization.
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SOCIAL STUDIES 10-1 STUDY BOOKLET What follows are the main concepts of this course. If you know the terms and concepts and can apply them to your written and multiple choice finals, you should be in pretty good shape. 1. An issue is something two reasonably people can disagree upon. An example of...
SOCIAL STUDIES 10-1 STUDY BOOKLET What follows are the main concepts of this course. If you know the terms and concepts and can apply them to your written and multiple choice finals, you should be in pretty good shape. 1. An issue is something two reasonably people can disagree upon. An example of an issue is abortion or capital punishment. 2. The following contributed to the world becoming more globalized: a) The Renaissance: this time period was a catalyst for discovery and exploration of new continents and new commerce. Many inventions such as gun powder, navigational tools, and the printing press allowed Europeans to set out from Europe. b) The Enlightenment: this was a time of significant change as people were seeing the world differently: Reason was replacing superstition. Religion was giving way to science. People were challenging the old political order. A philosophy of individualism was prevailing. c) The Industrial Revolution: during this time people moved from rural areas to the cities. They worked in the factories and life was very difficult for most of them. All of this new production meant that more raw materials were needed. This sparked more globalization as people were traveling further to get these resources. For example, cotton from North America. d) Capitalism replaces mercantilism: mercantilism was an economic system used during feudalism. It meant that almost all trade was controlled by the state (king or queen). Capitalism, first introduced by Adam Smith, meant that individuals instead of the state would control trade. This motivated people to travel to other places in the world to bring and sell certain commodities that could not be found in Europe. Commodities such as sugar, spices, and textiles could fetch a great deal of money. 3. Globalization is the world becoming more interconnected and more interdependent. There are four types of globalization: i) Economic: this refers to the economic links between countries such as the buying and selling of products. ii) Political: this refers to the several international agreements that Canada is expected to fulfill such as free trade, NATO (military) and the UN. iii) Social: this refers to the influence the rest of the world has on what we wear, watch on television and in the movies, and what kind of music we listen to. iv) Environmental: this refers to how actions in one part of the world can have a negative impact in other parts of the world. For example, the emitting of carbon and climate change. 4. Types of Identity: basically, you have two types of identity: Individual – this type of identity refers to you specifically. It is highly unlikely that anyone else in the world share this exact identity. Collective – this refers to the groups or associations you may have. For example, you are a student of Jasper Place. Collective identity can also refer to your family or any teams you play on. 5. Media: the media plays a significant part in our globalized world. Media is so ubiquitous that we are sometimes unaware of all the messages we are being bombarded with. Many people are concerned about this as it may, eventually, make the world much more similar; thereby making the world less exciting. 6. Concerned with losing their language and culture, Quebec has made several attempts to preserve them: Over the last 50 years, many Francophones in Quebec have tried to use the government and courts to protect their French language and culture. Bill 63 (1969) required children to receive their education in French, and immigrants, to acquire a working knowledge of French. Anglophones in Quebec launched a court challenge and the Supreme Court forced Quebec to lessen this Bill’s scope. Bill 22 (1974) declared French the official language of Quebec and all immigrants arriving in Quebec were to be enrolled in French- language schools. Bill 101 (1977) made French the official language of government and of the courts in the province of Québec, as well as making it the normal and habitual language of the workplace, of instruction, of communications, of commerce and business. Education in French became compulsory for immigrants, even those from other Canadian provinces, unless a "reciprocal agreement" existed between Québec and that province. Bill 101 also stated that all outdoor commercial signs had to be in French only. In 1984 it was ruled that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (article 23) limited the bill's power to regulate the language of instruction; parents whose children had been instructed in English-language elementary schools elsewhere in Canada were granted the right to have them instructed in English in Québec. Bill 86 (1993) allowed English on outdoor commercial signs only if the French lettering was at least twice as large as the English. 7. The CRTC The CRTC stands for the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Its job is to regulate Canada’s airways. Along with this regulation, the Commission also has the responsibility to protect Canadian culture. This is done by ensuring that a certain amount of content broadcasted in Canada has an appropriate amount of Canadian content. Critics of the CRTC do not like that the CRTC has the ability to determine what broadcasters can play and what Canadians are forced to listen to. They believe this is an overreach by the government. 8. Globalization and culture: there is often an immediate tendency to think that globalization is destroying unique individual cultures and that we are becoming more the same. Globalization, however, can also protect individual cultures. This is done in three ways: a) Globalization can provide opportunities to recreate and expand our identities. Canadian culture may be enriched when, for example, new foods such as sushi and perogies are brought to Canada. b) Globalization also gives us an opportunity to revitalize and affirm our identities. This can be done through things like having Indigenous radio and television stations that promote Indigenous languages and cultures. c) Another way globalization can promote Canadian culture is by Canada being part of La Francophonie. La Francophonie is a cultural and linguistic community of more than 175 million people who use French to varying degrees in their daily lives. La Francophonie works in many different fields to promote French language, culture, and a sense of community around the world. 9. It is difficult to pinpoint just exactly when globalization first began. For our purposes, we can say historical globalization began in 1492 when Columbus “discovered” North America. 10. The Silk Road was an array of trails going for Eastern Asia west through India, Turkey and the Middle East, the African continent, Greece, Rome, and Britain. A variety of items were carried along the Silk Road; as well as technology and information. 11. Early technologies and innovations that help to bring-along our more globalized world: a) Johannes Gutenberg’s Press: this new machine allowed for the more easy dissemination of news about the world. This help to inspire a curiosity in many to learn more about the world they lived in. b) New Sailing Technologies: the introduction of larger and more maneuverable sails allowed bigger ships to be built and improvements in navigational tools such as the compass, the sextant and maps allowed Europeans to travel much farther. It also helped to ensure a safer return. c) Gunpowder: this impressive technology meant that Europeans could confront and overcome most hostilities they encountered. 12. European imperialism: During the Age of Discovery, European countries such as Spain, France and Britain began to expand their control over the land and people of the “New World”. This was based on a desire to increase their wealth and power and to be the dominant economic power in Europe. Europeans held a belief in the superiority of their own culture over the Indigenous people. They treated Indigenous peoples as inferiors, replaced their government structures, took over their land, and forced them to give up their own religious beliefs in favour of Christianity. 13. King Leopold and the Congo In the early 1880s, King Leopold II of Belgium sparked the scramble for Africa by claiming as his own personal property all the lands drained by the Conger River and its tributaries. Leopold ruled this land – and the Indigenous peoples who lived there – as his own personal colony. By 1885, Leopold had forced the Indigenous peoples of the Congo region to work harvesting natural rubber. Indigenous peoples who resisted were brutally punished. Some were beaten; others had their ears, hands or feet cut off; and many were killed. 14. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans had established plantations in the New World and they required cheap labour to cultivate their crops of tobacco, sugar cane and cotton. The triangular trade saw European goods shipped to Africa, slaves sent to the New World, and raw materials from the colonies sent to Europe for processing / manufacturing. Once in the New World, slaves had very little to look forward to but a life of tremendous hardship. The slave trade devastated African settlements as well because many of the strong, fit young men and women were taken away. 15. The Industrial Revolution Because of Britain’s plentiful resources, stable political and economic climate, vast empire, entrepreneurial spirit, and effective transportation network, it was ready to significantly change the way we do business. During this time, innovations on the farms meant fewer workers were necessary. These farm workers made their way to the cities and were the backbone of the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine was a revolutionary invention that gave industry a new source of energy. People began working in factories instead of the home and production increased exponentially. This is linked to globalization as more raw materials were needed and new markets were sought. 16. White Man’s Burdon Kipling's poem mixed imagery of the glory of empire with sober warnings of the costs involved. Supporters of imperialism, however, latched onto the phrase "white man's burden" as a justification of their actions. Imperialism, then, was a noble enterprise to ‘civilize’ the world. 17. The British Empire During the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain would become one of the most powerful countries in the world. British colonies would be created in Australia, Asia, numerous islands in the Pacific and North American. Because of this it was said that “The sun never sets on the British Empire”. This would have a substantial impact on globalization. In India, the British were mostly interested in economic advancement. Taking resources from the area, processing them and selling them back to India’s high population was quite profitable for the empire. This would last in India until after WW I when Mahatma Gandhi led a movement to force the British out. Lasting impacts throughout many other places in the world include the spread of the English language, parliamentary and democratic systems, and capitalism. 18. Residential School System The residential school system in Canada was put into place by the Canadian government as a way to assimilate First Nations living here. There was no regard for Indigenous way of life of history. The Canadian government believed at the time that these schools would benefit First Nations as they would learn to read and write English, learn a “proper” religion, and be less like savages. The implementation of the residential school system would be considered criminal today. ✔Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their parents. ✔They were given new, more European sounding, names. ✔They were emotionally abused – told their culture was inferior. ✔They were physically abused – often beaten for perceived misdeeds. ✔And there were numerous accounts of sexual abuse. A lasting consequence of this abusive system was the destruction of my First Nations’ lives. In 1990, Phil Fontaine, leader of the Association of Manitoba Chiefs, called for all parties to admit to this past injustice. In 2007, two years after it was first announced, the federal government formalized a $1.9- billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools. Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered an official apology to residential school students in Parliament on June 11, 2008. Regardless, the effects of these schools are still being felt today by many First Nations. 19. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission The Commission spent six years travelling to all parts of Canada to hear from Aboriginal people who had been taken from their families as children and placed for much of their childhoods in residential schools. Shaming and pointing out wrongdoing were not the purpose of the Commission Getting to reconciliation will not be easy. It requires that the paternalistic and racist foundations of the residential school system be rejected. The TRC Made 94 Recommendations to the Government of Canada. These included recommendations such as providing more funding to improve Indigenous Peoples’ quality of life and to protect Indigenous culture. As well, creating educations programs to inform all Canadians about his past injustice. 20. The Beothuk In Newfoundland, Europeans came ashore to dry their fish and take on supplies. The Beothuk tried to drive them away by stealing and destroying their equipment. The Beothuk were eventually driven inland away from their traditional food sources. They all died from either hunger, disease or murder. 21. Rwanda and Genocide Beginning on April 6, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis in the African country of Rwanda. Lasting 100 days, the Rwanda genocide left approximately 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers dead. The Hutu and Tutsi are two peoples who share a common past. When Rwanda was first settled, the people who lived there raised cattle. Soon, the people who owned the most cattle were called "Tutsi" and everyone else was called "Hutu." At this time, a person could easily change categories through marriage or cattle acquisition. It wasn't until Europeans came to colonize the area that the terms "Tutsi" and "Hutu" took on a racial role. Although the Tutsi constituted only about ten percent of Rwanda's population and the Hutu nearly 90 percent, the Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership positions. This, understandably, upset the Hutu When Rwanda struggled for independence from Belgium, the Belgians switched the status of the two groups. The killings began in Rwanda's when anti-Tutsis extremists set up road blocks. They checked identification cards and killed all who were Tutsi. 22. The Oka Crisis The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka, Quebec which began on July 11, 1990, and lasted until September 26, of the same year. It resulted in one direct death, and was the first of a number of well-publicized violent conflicts between First Nations and the Canadian government in the late 20th century. The immediate cause of the crisis was when the mayor of Oka announced in 1989 that the remainder of the pines would be cleared to expand the members-only golf club course to eighteen holes. On July 11 the mayor asked the Quebec Provincial Police to intervene with the Mohawk protest, claiming that criminal activity had been practiced around the barricade. A police Emergency Response Team swiftly attacked the barricade deploying tear gas and flash bang grenades in an attempt to create confusion in the Mohawk ranks. It is unclear whether the police or Mohawks opened fire with gunshots first, but after a fifteen-minute bullet exchange, the police fell back. During the firefight, 31-year-old police officer Corporal Marcel Lemay was shot in the face and died a short while later. The situation escalated as the local Mohawks were joined by natives from across Canada and the United States. When it became apparent that the provincial police had lost control of the situation the RCMP were brought in, but they were soon overwhelmed by the Mohawks and mobs created by the blocked traffic. Ten constables were hospitalized on 14 August. On September 26, the Mohawks dismantled their guns and threw them in a fire, ceremonially burned tobacco and then walked out of the pines and back to the reserve. Many were detained by the Canadian Forces and arrested by the provincial police 23. Factors That Laid the Foundation of Contemporary Global Economics World War I Imperial trade arrangements were altered as European countries focused on the war and then on rebuilding afterwards. Fighting a war is very expensive and many countries were greatly in debt after the war. The Russian Revolution: In 1917 the Russian people rebelled against Czarist rule. They were tired of living under a totalitarian government and wanted many of the freedoms that could be found in Western Europe. A new economic system called communism came into effect. Communism was the opposite of capitalism (what most western economies were) and this created a significant rift between east and west called the Cold War. Because these two different economic regions did not get along, very little trade took place. The Cold War lasted until 1989. The Great Depression In October 1929 the stock market crashed and many people lost a lot of money. Some banks lost their customers savings as well. People who don’t have money don’t shop. When people shop less, more manufacturing jobs are lost. And this cycle can quickly get out-of-hand. Wanting to promote their own economies, countries threw up trade barriers so imports and exports declined. More jobs were lost. World War II: Because Germany was in such economic turmoil, the people of Germany chose to elect Hitler and the Nazis party to power. More than 50 countries were drawn into the war and more than 60 million died. Europe was shattered and needed rebuilding. 24. Bretton Woods Conference: in 1944, representatives from 44 countries met in a small New Hampshire town of Bretton Woods for a conference sponsored by the newly founded United Nations. The goal of this conference was to find a way to rebuild and stabilized the world economy. 25. The World Bank The World Bank would lend money to countries to help them rebuild after the war. Today the World Bank provides loans to countries in financial difficulties. To receive this money, the countries are required to fulfill certain conditions. 26. The International Monetary Fund The IMF was created to work with the World Bank to create economic stability, and promote trade and employment. It monitors exchange rates to allow countries to trade with one another. It also provides temporary 27. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Also at Bretton Woods, some countries agreed to work together to establish trade rules. This led to the GATT. GATT members agree to gradually eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers between themselves. Over the following decades, GATT representative met many more times to lower tariffs and make trade freer. 28. World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization emerged from the GATT in 1995. As off today it has 164 members. The WTO is responsible for regulation trade throughout the world. By belonging to the WTO, it is not necessary to sign individual trade treaties with every other country. Some of the rules are as follows: No member country could be given special trading advantages or deny equal treatment to another member. The imported goods could not be taxed at a higher rate. Countries cannot protect domestic industries through the use of quotas Supporters of the WTO say: The system helps to keep the peace by resolving trade disputes. It gives consumers more choice, and a broader range of products to choose from. Trade has the potential to create jobs in developing nations. It stops rich nations from taking advantage of poor nations as all have to follow the same rules. Critics of the WTO say: The WTO does not care enough about the problems of developing countries The WTO has not done enough about the environment, child labour, worker’s rights or health care. The WTO has too much power. It can force countries to change their laws.. The WTO is not democratically accountable With the end of the Cold War, most Soviet-bloc countries such as Russia, Poland, Ukraine, and East Germany quickly embraced the free market economy. When China and India embraced Western style economies, three billion more consumers and producers joined the global economy. 29. Advantages of Free Trade Consumers benefit from greater competition. More jobs may be created as companies have access to more markets. Guaranteed markets. Canada cannot be shut out if USA wants to do business elsewhere. 30. Disadvantages of Free Trade Hard for Canada to compete with places like Mexico: Lower minimum wage Lower environmental standards May lose jobs as Canadians companies might move to places where costs are lower. Countries loses some autonomy (independences of freedom). Trade agreements may mean we have less control in our own country. 31. The European Union (EU) The European Union was set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours, which culminated in the Second World War. The EU became further integrated in the 1960s when Europeans were demanding access to goods outside of their countries (the Beetles). It was a good period for the economy, helped by the fact that EU countries stop charging custom duties when they trade with each other. They also agree joint control over food production, so that everybody now has enough to eat - and soon there is even surplus agricultural produce. With the collapse of communism across central and Eastern Europe, Europeans become closer neighbours. In 1993 the Single Market was completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and money. Today there are 28 members in the EU, but changes are likely coming. Certain countries such as Ukraine want to join the EU while Great Britain is trying desperately to leave. It hasn’t always run smoothly. Wealthier countries such as Germany are pushing for more austerity amongst the less wealthy country. 32. FTA/NAFTA In 1988 the leaders of Canada and the United States signed a formal agreement to reduce trade barriers between the two countries. The agreement went into effect in 1989. The US was most interested is acquiring access to Canada’s vast resources. Canada was interested in being able to sell its products to more than 200 million Americans. A sensitive area for Canada was cultural industries. There were a concern that Canada would lose its sense of self if nothing was done to protect our media services. Therefore, certain industries were exempt for the FTA. In 1993 Mexico join the FTA and it became NAFTA. NAFTA was renegotiated in 2018-2019 and, after a few minor changes, was renamed USMCA 33. The Maquiladoras of Mexico Maquiladoras are foreign-owned factories in Mexico where 40 percent of people live below the poverty line. Maquiladoras provide jobs for more than a million people. But these jobs come at a cost that some people say is too high. The labourers, many of them women, work very long hours for low wages in conditions that are often difficult. 34. Transnational Corporations In order to expand their businesses, many companies set up operations in foreign countries. TNCs have grown rapidly since the 1950s. Today, there are more than 40 000 TNCs in the world. The impact of TNCs is complex. While TNCs do provide jobs in developing nations, they are often low pay and low skilled jobs. As well, a lot of the profits made by TNCs go to the “mother country” and not where the factories are actually located 35. The Race to the Bottom The race to the bottom is a phrase which is used to describe government deregulation of the business environment or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their area. It also is the idea whereby companies, in an effort to maximize their profits, will place less emphasis on taking care of their workers or the environment. Examples of the race to the bottom include: Weaker environments regulations Lower minimum wages Lower working standards Longer workday (no overtime pay) Lower safety standards No paid holidays Fewer benefits such as sick pay Pay less taxes to the government Flags of convenience – a process where shipping companies will register their vessels in a country other than their own in order to pay lower wages or have less stringent environmental regulations to follow. 36. E – Commerce Electronic commerce – or e-commerce – is an area that has been stimulated by communication technologies. Businesses like Amazon operate online stores where people can buy what they want 24 hours a day, and have their purchases shipped to their homes. 2012 marked the first year that more money was spent shopping online than spent in physical stores: The prosperity generated by e-commerce is largely restricted to people who live in developed countries. People in many developing countries do not yet have access to the information and communication technologies that would enable them to share in the benefits of this technology. 37. Fair Trade Fair trade is the idea that more money should go to farmers and others along the manufacturing process and less money to the people at the top of the company. It started in the early 1960s with a few items such as coffee and has slowly caught on to a wider, more diverse area of the economy. Fair trade empowers consumers Fair trade is supposed help developing nations as the extra money the farmers receive is to be reinvested back into the community. 38. Sustainable Development Sustainable development means managing our resources in a way so as to ensure they are there for future generations. For example, coming up with new renewable forms of energy such as wind, solar and tidal so we will never run out. We can harvest trees and fish but we have to ensure that we plant more trees and we do not harvest too many fish so that they can replenish themselves. 39. Alberta’s Oil Sands Alberta is fortunate to have an abundance of natural resources. These resources have been an economic driver for the last half a century. Alberta’s oil is different than oil elsewhere in the world. Much or our oil is mixed with sand and it is much more labour and energy intensive to harvest. That’s why some people call our oil “dirty oil”. Oil companies have made considerable improvements in getting at our oil and we are more efficient now than ever. Critics say the Alberta oil industry is a major polluter and accessing the oil is very disruptive to our norther environment and the people living there. Supporters say that the world still very much needs fossil fuels (even as we move to greener alternatives), and the oil Alberta supplies is an ethical alternative to other countries such as Saudi Arabia which is not democratic. 40. The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is caused by pollutants (carbon, methane, and others) being trapped in our atmosphere. These gases change the atmosphere and do not allow heat from the sun to radiate back out into space. Therefore, the earth is warming and this could have very serious consequences for us: Warmer water means more hurricanes and destructive storms. Increase in the probability and intensity of droughts and heatwaves. Melting of the polar ice-caps. This will lead to a change in the chemistry of the oceans as the polar ice-caps consist of fresh water and not salt water. Sea levels will rise causing enormous flooding. Greater heating of the planet as the current ice now reflects sunlight and heat back into space. With reduced rainfall and more severe droughts, food and water supplies will diminish, resulting in higher prices, famine, disease, malnutrition, starvation and, ultimately, death. 40. The Kyoto Protocol In 1997, 141 countries met in Kyoto Japan to create a solution to climate change. Countries agreed to cut greenhouse emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by the year 2012. It was left up to individual countries to decide how to cut emissions. In Canada, a focused was placed on reducing fossil-fuel. By 2004 our emissions were 27% higher than 1990 levels. Canada pulled out of Kyoto arguing that because other countries were not following Kyoto, Canada would be at an economic disadvantage. 41. Quality of Life Quality of life is the satisfaction or dissatisfaction you experience in every day life. There are four areas: Social: Freedoms. Such as freedom of speech and freedom to vote. Family and friends. Entertainment Economic – the ability to earn or have money Physical – being both physically and emotionally fit Aesthetic – finding beauty in life (literature, museums, parks) Quality of life is very personal. What might be seen as important to one person may not be important to another. 42. Gross Domestic Product GDP is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a calendar year. It indicates the general health of the economy of any given country. Critics of GDP say that GDP is problematic as it only measures money and economic growth and that that is only one narrow indicator of having a healthy life. These people see GDP as having a western bias. 43. Human Development Index was development to look at more indicators than just money. HDI looks at: GDP Life expectancy: the higher the life expectancy the more likely there is to be adequate nutrition and healthcare Knowledge index: does the country have a robust education system. Critics of HDI say it is misleading as a country such as Canada may have a very high HDI but it doesn’t apply to all Canadians. There are many people living in Canada who do not have a high HDI. 44. Human Rights Human rights are inalienable: you get them because you are human and they cannot be taken away. In Canada, our rights are enshrined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Sometimes there is disagreement over our rights. For example, Canada has freedom or religion but it is against the law to married to more than one person at the same time. When there is disagreement pertaining to our rights, it is up to the Supreme Court of Canada to decide. 45. Globalization and the Spread of Democracy: without exception, counties who are more democratic are also more globalized. Countries ruled by dictators tend to not be as connected with the rest of the world (North Korea). 46. Globalization and Children Globalization has made the lives of some children mush better. Children in developed countries have the world at their door. Many children in developing countries, however, are not benefiting as much. Many children are forced to work in dreadful conditions and do not have the opportunities we have such as getting a first rate education. 47. Globalization and Women According the World Economic Forum, there is a significant gap between genders in regards to wages. This is happening in both developed and developing countries. There are several reasons: Chosen careers: nurse versus and engineer, blue collar versus pink collar Women are forced to leave the work force to have children Sexism Women are under represented in government: In the 2019 Canadian election, 98 of 338 seats were taken by women (29%) Currently in the US House of Representatives, 23.7% are women. 48. Globalization and Changing Communities Because Canada’s birthrate is too low, we are not replacing ourselves. This can lead to long-term consequences as having an elderly population means fewer and fewer taxpayers will be forced to contribute more and more. A solution to this problem is increase immigration. Increased immigration may mean that Canada in the future will be quite different that Canada is today. 49. Globalization, Resources and Conflict Humans have been fighting over resources since the stone-age. There are two major differences today. The first is the number of people brought into conflict The second are the weapons used in the conflict! If/as resources are becoming more scarce, the potential for conflict increases. 50. Globalization and Disease Because more people are traveling further and faster than any other time in history, it would be almost impossible to contain the spread of a new disease. Fortunately, if there was a new pandemic, specialists from all over the world would work together to save lives. 51. The Demographic Transition The demographic transition is the transition all developed countries made while moving for a country with a high birth and death rate to a low birth and death rate. Stage 1 – high birth and death rate so population does not increase. Stage 2 – high birth rate and low death rate. The lowering of the death rate is due to better sanitation, medical intervention, and a more secure source of food. Stage 3 – low birth and death rates. The low birth rate is because large families are no longer needed in a more urbanized world. Many developing countries are currently in stage two of the transition.