Study Guide: Chapter 3 - Connections and Interactions, 1200-1450 PDF

**Study Guide: Chapter 3 - Connections and Interactions, 1200-1450** **Key Terms** - **Silk Roads:** A network of trade routes that linked the civilizations of western and eastern Eurasia for centuries. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. - **Dunhuang:** An...

**Study Guide: Chapter 3 - Connections and Interactions, 1200-1450** **Key Terms** - **Silk Roads:** A network of trade routes that linked the civilizations of western and eastern Eurasia for centuries. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. - **Dunhuang:** An oasis city in the Silk Road network, located in western China, that was a center of Buddhist learning, painting, and sculpture.  - **Ming Dynasty:** A Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that expanded Chinese maritime trade and cultural influence to Southeast Asia and beyond.  - **Sea Roads:** A network of sea-based trade routes that connected distant peoples across the Indian Ocean basin. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.  - **Great Zimbabwe:** A powerful state that emerged in southeastern Africa, linked to the growth of Indian Ocean trade. They were known for their impressive stone enclosures. - **Melaka:** A major port city in Southeast Asia that became a center of trade and Islamic learning in the 1400s. Its strategic location on the Strait of Melaka made it a vital hub for trade between the East and West. - **Pochteca:** A class of professional merchants among the Aztecs who engaged in large-scale trading expeditions, both within and beyond the borders of their empire. - **Sand Roads:** A network of trans-Saharan trade routes that linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with the land and peoples of interior West Africa. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.  - **Arabian Camel:** An animal that revolutionized trans-Saharan trade. It could travel for ten days without water, making the long trek across the Sahara possible.  - **House of Wisdom:** A center for scholarship and translation established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun in 830 C.E. It played a pivotal role in the development of Islamic science and scholarship.  - **Crusades:** A series of religious wars launched by Christian Europe against the Islamic world between 1095 and 1291. They had a significant impact on the development of trade, technology, and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Islamic world. - **American Web:** A network of trade and cultural exchange that connected indigenous communities across the Americas before European arrival. It operated on a more modest, localized scale compared to the long-distance networks of Eurasia.  - **Chaco Phenomenon:** A period of significant building and cultural activity in northwestern New Mexico (860-1130 C.E.) that included the construction of large settlements, roads, and ceremonial structures.  - **Samarkand:** An oasis city on the Silk Road, located in Central Asia, that became a prominent center of trade and cultural exchange. It was also where Buddhist pilgrims, merchants, and craftspeople interacted. **Key People** - **Temujin/Chinggis Khan:** Founder of the Mongol Empire (known as the Great Mongol Nation). A skilled warrior who united various Mongol tribes and led the Mongol world war in the 13th century.  - **Khubilai Khan::** Grandson of Chinggis Khan, who established the Yuan dynasty in China. He embraced Chinese traditions and sought to rule as a benevolent Confucian-inspired emperor. - **Timur:** A Turkic conqueror and military leader who emerged in Central Asia in the late 14th Century. He established a vast empire that reconnected the Silk Road network.  - **Zheng He:** A Muslim eunuch and Chinese admiral who led seven large-scale maritime voyages into the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433. These voyages expanded Chinese maritime trade and cultural influence, but were abruptly stopped in 1433.  - **Yongle:** The Ming emperor who commissioned Zheng He\'s expeditions.  - **Marco Polo:** A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled to China and back in the 13th century. He wrote a famous account of his travels, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, which provided Western readers with valuable information about China and East Asia. - **Mansa Musa:** The ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. He undertook the hajj to Mecca in 1324, accompanied by a large entourage and a vast amount of gold. His pilgrimage helped spread the prestige of Islam and introduced West Africa to other parts of the Islamic world. - **Ibn Battuta:** A Moroccan traveler who visited West Africa in the mid-14th century. His travelogue, Travels in Asia and Africa, provided valuable information about Islamic society and cultural practices in West Africa. **Islamic Scholars** - **al-Khwarazim:** A mathematician who made significant contributions to the development of algebra. He also spread the use of Arabic numerals. - **al-Razi:** A physician who wrote a vast encyclopedia of medicine, drawing on Greek, Syrian, Indian, and Persian sources, as well as his own clinical observations. - **Ibn Sina (Avicenna):** A physician and philosopher who made significant contributions to the study of medicine and pharmacology.  - **Ibn Rushd (Averroes):** A philosopher who translated and commented widely on Aristotle. He made major contributions to the study of law, mathematics, and medicine. **Key Events** - **Mongol World War:** A series of military campaigns by the Mongol Empire that resulted in the expansion of Mongol dominance across Eurasia throughout the 13th century.  - **Black Death:** A devastating pandemic (1346-1353) that spread across Eurasia along major trade routes, including the Silk Road. It had a significant impact on world population and social structures.  - **"Indianization" (p.153):** A term used to describe the spread of Indian cultural traditions, including religion, language, and artistic styles, across Southeast Asia. **Etc./Other** - **Mongolian Empire (Great Mongol Nation), Yuan Dynasty, Khanate of the Golden Horde, Khanate of the Jagadai, Il-Khanate of Persia:** The Mongol Empire, established by Chinggis Khan in the 13th Century, was a vast empire that connected much of Eurasia. When it collapsed, it divided into several successor states, including the Yuan Dynasty, the Khanate of the Golden Horde, the Khanate of the Jagadai, and the Il-Khanate of Persia. - **Ottoman Empire:** An Islamic empire (1299-1922) that expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Europe.  - **Ming Dynasty:** A Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that expanded Chinese maritime trade and cultural influence to Southeast Asia and sought to expand its influence in the Indian Ocean. - **Yokes, Saddlers, Stirrups:** Technological innovations that made the use of camels, horses, and oxen for long-distance transportation more effective, thus enabling the growth of trade routes, such as the Silk Roads and the Sand Roads.  - **"Flying Cash":** A form of paper money first developed in China. It became common in many parts of the Islamic world, making it easier to transport currency and carry out trade. - **"Frame and Mattress" Saddle:** An invention that enabled the use of camels to carry heavier loads, essential for long-distance trade.  - **"Credit", "Bills of Exchange", "Urban-Based Banking Houses":** Financial innovations that facilitated the growth of trade networks by enabling merchants to borrow money, extend credit, and make financial transactions across long distances. - **Animal Power: Camels, Horses, Oxen:** The use of these animals played a critical role in the development of long-distance trade networks across Eurasia. They provided a means for transporting goods and people across large geographic distances, including the deserts of Central Asia and the Sahara. - **Pure Land Buddhism:** A popular expression of Buddhism in China that emphasized salvation by faith in the Amitabha Buddha. - **Chan Buddhism:** A school of Buddhism, also known as Zen Buddhism, that emphasizes meditation and direct experience over doctrinal study. - **Mahayana Buddhism:** A major branch of Buddhism that spread throughout Central and East Asia. It emphasizes the importance of bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who help guide sentient beings to achieve spiritual liberation. - **Theravada Buddhism:** A major branch of Buddhism that predominates in Southeast Asia. It emphasizes the importance of the Buddha\'s teachings and the attainment of enlightenment through meditation and practice. - **Bodhisattvas:** Enlightened beings in Mahayana Buddhism who have chosen to stay in cyclic existence to help liberate others from suffering.  - **Chinese Junks (p.151):** Large, multi-masted sailing vessels that were used in Chinese maritime trade throughout the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.  - **Arab dhows (p.151):** Large, sailing vessels that were used in trade routes between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. - **Strait of Melaka (p.153):** A narrow channel between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra that became an important hub for Indian Ocean trade, particularly during the era of Melaka. - **The Great Mosque at Jenne (p.160):** A large mosque built in the 13th century in Jenne, Mali. It is a symbol of the spread of Islam in West Africa and illustrates the assimilation of Islamic cultural practices into the existing African traditions.  - **Mutazilites (p.161):** A school of Islamic thought that emphasized the role of reason in understanding the Quran and Islamic law, rather than relying solely on revelation. - **Ulema (p.163):** Learned Islamic scholars who provided religious instruction and served as interpreters of Islamic law. - **Sharia (p.163):** Islamic law, which regulates aspects of daily life, including personal matters, commerce, and social interactions. - **Madrassas (p.163):** Colleges where Islamic religious law and scholarship are studied. - **Tariqa (p.163):** Sufi brotherhood, a mystical and spiritual branch of Islam that emphasizes direct experience with the divine.  - **Christendom:** The collective name for the Christian world.