AP World History Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections PDF

**AP World History Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections** **4.1 Technological Innovations** **Essential question: How did cross-cultural interactions spread technology and facilitate changes in trade and travel from 1450-1750?** Contextualization: - During this time, Europeans began traveling acro...

**AP World History Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections** **4.1 Technological Innovations** **Essential question: How did cross-cultural interactions spread technology and facilitate changes in trade and travel from 1450-1750?** Contextualization: - During this time, Europeans began traveling across the ocean due to: - Demographic issues (not all workers could find work/food) - Unfair **Primogeniture laws** (the eldest son was guaranteed the estate) - religious minorities searched for religious tolerant places **This lead to a global shift in demographics** - The magnetic compass, astrolabe, caravel (a 3-masted ship made by Portuguese in 1400s), and **Cartography** (mapmaking) encouraged maritime expeditions **Developments of Transoceanic Travel and Trade** - Europe was never isolated from East and South Asia - Indian Ocean trade brough silk, spices, and tea =\> Mediterranean via Red Sea - Islamic traders knew land routes from China to Baghdad & Constantinople - Europeans faced competitions from Middle Eastern trades in Oman - Portuguese set up forts in Oman but were forced to remove them - The **Omani-European rivalry** led to Christopher Columbus' voyage, which connected people across Atlantic ocean - The Europeans quickly became go between for linking Afro Eurasia and Americas: - Americas: sugar, tobacco, rum - Africa: enslaved people - Asia: silk, spices, rhubarb - Extensive trade made Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, and Holland into martitime empires (based on sea travel) - Trade was carried out by men but women conducted trade in SE Asia **Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology** - Western European countries were developing their naval technology, aware of traditions of sailing that went back to classical Greeks and combined it w new ideas from Islam/Asian scholars and sailors - Good examples of cross-cultural interactions - Al Andalus: a place where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe - Portuguese rule Prince Henry the Navigator strongly supported exploration - Financed expeditions along Africa, Portugal able to explore African kingdoms before others Advances in Ideas - Newton's discovery of gravitation increase knowledge of tides =\> sailors could predict depth of water near shore - Accurate records on wind direction/intensity - **Astronomical chart**: map of stars and galaxies - Mariners relied on maps to guide ship's direction - Babylonia, Mesopotamia, and Chinese created early star charts - Widely used by classical Greek astronomers - Telescopes helped create these charts, which were divided into grids to help locate better Advances in Equipment - Rudders from China, astrolabe from Muslims allowed sailing faster/easier - Compass works w magnets or gyroscope to determine directions, others determine location of sun/star - Magnetic compass: developed by 12 century mariners in China/Europe - Acts as enormous magnet bar which take on orientation of earth's magnetic field - Lateen sail: shape of triangle, used by Arabs in Indian Ocean, could catch wind on both sides, better for traveling in diff directions than square sails - Adjusting ratio of length and width of ships, changing \# of masts, and using diff sails =\> ships could be personalized for different uses Long-Term Results - The long term result of combination of navigational techniques: increased exploration and global trade - Polynesia the only part of Afro-Eurasia not in global trade - Gunpowder aided European conquest and sea pirates/Dutch pirates (Sea Beggars) - Russia Peter the Great went to W Europe to observe=\> improved Russia's military/naval power **4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events** **Essential question What were the causes and effects of the state-sponsored expansion of maritime exploration?** **Contextualization** - Italian cities had monopolies on ports on the Mediterranean by controlling access to trade routes w Asia, leading to countries (Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands) searching for new routes to Asia - Explorers hoped to find goods overseas and convert others to Christianity - Christopher Columbus gained support of Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand for his journeys that increased interest in exploration **The Role of States in Maritime Exploration** - European states wanted more ways to expand their territory before another power would - Religion also drove exploration: Europeans believed it as their Christian duty to convert others - States were centrally involved in maritime exploration - Voyages were expensive, needed financial help of state - Preserving and spreading religion was important for state, drove funding for expansion - 17^th^ century Europe measured wealth of a country based on gold and silver =\> countries wanted to maximize selling and minimize spending to stimulate flow of riches (**mercantilism)** **Expansion of European Maritime Exploration** - Portugal led the way in European exploration and maritime innovations - The small kingdom expanded overseas mainly through 3 people: - **Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)** - First European monarch to sponsor sea expeditions, Portugal started importing enslaved Africans by sea - **Bartholomew Diaz** - Sailed around southern Africa, did not push eastward - **Vasco Da Gama** - Sailed farther east, landed in India and claimed territory as Portugal empire, expanded Portugal's trade in Indian Ocean - The Portuguese also set up in Malacca after Afonso de Albuquerque won a battle w Arabs - After Zheng He, China did not explore again - Poruguese arrived, already taken over African and Indian coasts, little impact on Chinese society - Roman Catholic missionaries (Franciscans and Dominicans) worked to convert - Jesuits impressed Chinese with their scientific/technical knowledge, did not appeal to scholar gentry Trading Post Empire - Portuguese made series of forts stretching from Persian Gulf to W India to Malacca - Aimed to establish monopoly over spice trade by controlling vessels - Portugal was a **trading post empire**, based on small outposts Vulnerability - Small nation of Portugal =\> lack of workers and ships for large trade empire - Independent Portuguese merchants, corruption among gov officials - 17^th^ century Dutch and English takeovers: - Dutch took Malacca and built Batavia (fort) to monopolize spice trade - English focused on South Asia - Portuguese & Chrisian missionaries traveled to Japan but then pushed out in 1600s Spanish in the Philippines - Spanish ships became first to circumnavigate globe via the voyage of **Ferdinand Magellan** - Voyaged to the Philippine Islands, which Span annexed and started to conquer Filipinos (put up fierce resistance) - **Manila** became Spanish commercial center there, attracted Chinese merchants, many Filipinos became Christians **The Lure of Riches** - Columbus and other European explorers hoped to find new routes to Asia for precious goods, but found so little they wanted to stop - But when Spanish discovered Aztecs and Incas, they were interested again - The empires had gold and silver, and could be used as slaves Trade Across the Pacific - China consumed a lot of the silver from Western Hemisphere - Silver made its way from Mexico on Spanish ships (**galleons)** that made stops in Philippines - At Manila, people exchanged silver for luxury goods like silk, spices, gold bullion - Chinese gov began using silver as currency - Spain's rivals claimed/explored Americas - French, English, and Dutch explorers looked for **northwest passage**: a route thru NA to East Asia French Exploration - 1500s-1600s: French gov sponsored expeditions in northwest passage - **Jacques Cartier** sailed into St. Lawrence River, claimed part of Canada for France; with **Samuel de Champlain** realized goods and riches available in Americas, did not go to Asia - Established town called Quebec, traders traded fur, priests converted Natives to Christianity - The French had better relations with natives than Spanish, settlements also grew slower English Exploration - 1497: English King sent **John Cabot** to look for northwest passage, claimed lands from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay - The English did not have enough sea power but managed to defeat 2/3 of Spanish Armada, began to compete for land - Around same time as Quebec, English established **Jamestown** - England's first successful color in Americas, with the Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico, one of the earliest colonies in US Dutch Exploration - Henry Hudson was sent to explore East Coast, set up Hudson River to see if it would be a northwest passage, other explorers also wanted another route to Asia - Hudson's exploration was valuable bc Dutch claimed Hudson River Valley and island of Manhattan, settled New Amsterdam (New York City) - New Amsterdam became important node in Dutch transatlantic trade - Dutch merchants brough furs from north, crops from south (tobacco from Virginia) - Sent goods to Netherlands to exchange for manufactured good they can sell **4.3 Columbian Exchange** Essential Question: What were the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemisphere? Contextualization: - Initial contact and colonization of the Americas proved disastrous: native populations declined, decimated by disease, forced to submit to new rulers - But it also gave way to new interactions of culture, sharing disease, foods, and animals - These interactions are called the **Columbian Exchange** - Had far reaching effects, contributed to changing economy, silver mining of Spain led to inflation and downfall of Spanish Empire **Diseases and Population Catastrophe** - Indigenous people had no exposure to germs and diseases brought by Europeans - Cause of majority of deaths of about 90 percent of original populations - **Conquistadores** (Spanish soldiers like Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes) brough smallpox - Rats, insects, and animals =\> more disease like Measles, influence, and malaria **Animals and Foods -- exchange of food and animals changing cultures** - Before exchange in 1500, Mesoamericas consumed little meat, but now it's a staple - Animals, wheat, grapes (Mediterranean foods) introduced to Western hemisphere - **Horses =\>** surplus of food for Indians, increased time for art and spirituality, competition and armed conflicts between tribes - Europeans took back maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, cacao - Crops became popular, caused population growth in 16^th^ 17^th^ century Europe - Ireland isn't the native potato place! **Cash Crops and Forced Labor-** enslaved Africans and people became a big part of exchange - Africans brought okra and rice - Tobacco and cacao grown on American plantations were sold to Europe, Africa, and the Middle East - Population in Africa grew due to nutritious foods introduced (EX: Brazil brough yams and manioc) The Lure of Sugar - While Spain profited from Silver, Portuguese cultivated **sugar** due to Brazil's ideal conditions - Not enough people to farm bc of disease = importation of enslaved people from Kongo Kingdom/Swahili coast Slavery - Sugar's profitability = increase of transatlantic slave trade - African laborers in Brazil so numerous, became majority of region - Slave importers sent most of slaves to S Ameirca - Slaves were treated w poor conditions: harsh work conditions, poor nutrition, lack of shelter, heat, diseases - Engenhos: "engines" to describe wide efficiency of sugar plantations Growing Cash Crops - Spain saw Portugal's success w agriculture =\> returned to pursue cash cropping of sugar and tobacco - **Cash cropping:** grown for sale rather than subsistence **African Prescence in the Americas-** African culture was not lost in the Americas **African Diaspora:** dispersion of Africans out of Africa, retained aspects of their culture - Languages: Africans that were taken did not share a common language, most lost their languages after a generation - Managed to combine colonizer's language with African lang to create **creole** - Caribbean Islands had a larger concentration of enslaved Africans = creole dominates there - Meanwhile in America: Gullah/Geechee language of S Caroline and Georgia is apparent - Music: Africans brought this w them, syncopated rhythms and percussion influenced gospel, blues, jazz, rock, country, etc - Slaved used it as encouragement thru harsh works and planning escape - Blended European Christian music, also invented banjo - Food: brough knowledge of how to prepare food like **gumbo** **Environmental and Demographic Impact** - Europeans used more agricultural land =\> deforestation and soil depletion - Dense populations =\> strain on water resources and areas of pollution  **4.4 Maritime Empires Link Regions** Essential Questions: How were the empires of European states established between 1450-1750, and what economic and labor systems fueled them? Contextualization - European nations established new maritime empires thru Asia, Africa, and colonies in the Americas - In the Americas, they relied heavily on agriculture, which introduced new labor systems: - **Indentured servitude**: arrangements where servants were contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange of passage - **Chattel slavery:** a system where individuals were considered property and were bought and sold - growth of demand for slaves led to changed in demography, social life, and culture **State-Building and Empire Expansion** Trading Posts in Africa and Asia - After Prince Henry the Navigator financed expeditions along Africa, other European traders started setting up posts - Local rulers traded slaves to Europeans for gunpowder to defend their empire - Kingdom of Dahomey grew strong bc they raided villages for enslaved people to sell African States - Central West Africa: Portuguese made inroads to Kongo and Benin kingdoms - Artwork show European influences - Benin European "intruder" carvings and sculptures - Yet, expansion of maritime trading networks led to growth of **Asante Empire** and **Kingdom of the Kongo** - 1498: Vaco da Gama (Portuguese) invaded Swahili City States =\> decline in region Japan: started restricting its networks - Once tolerated Portuguese and Dutch traders and missionaries - Christians started destroying Buddhist shrines =\> Japan ban of Christian worship services, prohibition of Japanese to travel abroad, persecution of Christians, expel of all foreigners - Japan began isolation (1639-1853), allowed some Dutch to live on small island and continued to trade w Chinese China: Ming limited outside influence, restricted trade after Zheng He voyages - Wanted to undo influence of Mongols **European Rivalries on Five Continents** - European rivalries fueled by political, economic, and religious motives =\> expansion of expires, especially in India - British East India Company: commercial relationship w Mughals - Portugal: coastal trading post in Goa - France: Pondicherry in Tamil Nadu - France & GrB competed for power in Seven Years' War =\> GB won, French out of India British In India - East India Company established small forts to make profit thru trade, limited by Mughal empire - Then started taking advantage of Muslim/Hindu tensions and expanded - Sepoys: European trained Indian forces, moved EIC inland, Britain started controlling much of India via political and military interventions - British also set up trading posts in W Africa **Europeans in Americas** - In Aztec Mexico 1521: Cortes's forces overthrew Aztecs, established **New Spain** - In Andes: **Franciso Pizarro** captured Inca ruler, but Spanish killed him and conquered Incas Spain V Portugal - 1494 **Treaty of Tordesillas**: Spain & Portugal divided Americas - Spain had west of line that went thru eastern S America, Portugal east (Brazil) - Spain did not control all of N America bc others made claims there, but did establish a fort on St Augustine in Florida France V Britain over dominance in NA - British wanted Iroquois to frustrate French, but then the Iroquois signed a peace treaty w the French (Great Peace of Montreal 1701) bc they thought British was a big threat - British drove France out of Canada - French and Indian War **Continuity and Change in Economic Systems** - Merchants in the Indian Ocean networks continued do business, used to paying taxes and fees Europeans in the Indian Ocean Trade - Portuguese wanted to profit from diverse products being traded - created strong of armed trading posts along Indian Ocean Spain and Gold in the Americas - W Europe searched for profits, started with Columbus, who was convinced ther were a lot of gold on Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) - But there were no gold, do Columbus took Tainos (indigenous people) as slaves - **Encomienda**: Spanish-establish system to gain access to resources of America - Encomenderos**:** landowners, compelled indigenous to work in exchange for food/shelter, like manorialism, **coercive labor system**, brutal and harsh - Spanish crown granted land to **conquistadores** - **Hacienda system**: arose when landowners had crops on lands, used coerced labor Silver - Sliver in Mexico & Peru revived economic fortunes, cities of Zacatecas (Mexico and Potosi (Andes) became centers of silver mining - Spanish needed labor, so they transformed the mit'a labor system into coerced labor Silver and Mercantilism - Silver trade made individual Spanish wealthy and strengthened Span's economy - Adopted **mercantilism**: an economic system that increased gov control of economy thru high tariffs and the establishment of **colonies** claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country - Colonizing country exported more than it imported to increase national wealth **Continuity and Change in Labor Systems** - Europeans sought sources of inexpensive labor in the Americas - Portuguese trading fleets in 1400s arrived in Kingdom of Kongo seeking slaves - Slavery had existed in Africa long before Europeans & America, property and enslaved people were showcased to establish positions of wealth and power - Arabs sought slaves also long before Europeans, though they didn't wreak as much havoc Why Africans? - Slavery in Latin America began at end of 16^th^ century, when conquistadores wanted fortunes in gold, silver, and sugar - Disease and escapees made indigenous people not very useful Labor for Plantations - North America: plantation owners used European indentured servants, but they were not used to climate and only worked for about 7 years; along w indigenous people, not very ideal workers Capture and Shipment of Slaves to the Americas - African leaders invaded neighboring societies/handed over people in lower rungs of society to benefit from slave trade - King Afonso of Kongo: did not want Kongo to be depopulated, controlled all trade in domain The Horrors of the Journey - Captive Africans taken to barracoons (holding pens) - Then crammed into cargo section of ship, journey known as **Middle Passage** bc it was middle part of captive's journey Demographic, Social and Cultural Changes - Growth of slavery and plantations =\> change in demographics of African homes and countries of captivity, decline in African population, social classes, polygyny, enriched language and culture of societies The Indian Ocean Slave Trade - Eastern hemisphere also did slave trade - From E Africa =\> N Africa, ME, and India - Slaves were treated differently, however - More likely to work in seaports as laborers - Household servants - Worked alongside free laborers - Islamic slaves had certain rights - Spread African words, music, and customs in Oman, India, etc **Reminder: there were still land-based empires like the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, but it is these sea-based empires that take over during this time period**