STS Reviewer PDF

Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss SCIENCE, It is a personal and social activity - it includes activities of human TECHNOLOGY...

Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss SCIENCE, It is a personal and social activity - it includes activities of human TECHNOLOGY beings to understanding acquire better of the world. AND SOCIETY It is a courser or field of study - it is a subject in basic education, discipline or a field of study in higher education that deals with the process of teaching and learning LESSON 1 - GENERAL about the natural and physical world. This is CONCEPTS AND what we call as science. HISTORICAL It is an intellectual activity - it incorporates a methodical and DEVELOPMENTS OF applied study of the natural and SCIENCE, physical world that involves observation and experimentation. TECHNOLOGY, AND Scientific Revolution (1543–1687) SOCIETY - Started early 16th century to 18th century in Europe. - Started with the invention of printing SCIENCE machines that allows to the mass production of reading materials and - an organized body of knowledge, flourished the intellects from different wisdom, and experiences concerning places. the natural and physical world that - Era of enlightenment and intellectualization cane be based on in the attitudes, that nurtured the fields of mathematics, processes and skills as the body of physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. knowledge is formed (Pawilen, It modernized the understanding and 2006). practices of science and gave birth to scientific processes and experimentations. - Gribbin (2003) as historical perspective Scientific Revolution An intellectual as well as a social Major: Scientific Developments activity carried out by humans in their pursuit to have a better Astronomy: Shift from geocentrism to understanding of the natural world. heliocentrism; development of telescopes and improved observational techniques. Science can be defined as: Physics: Introduction of the scientific It is an idea - it comprises ideas, method; exploration of motion, forces, and beliefs, theories and all systematic gravity. reasons and observations on the Biology: Advances in understanding human natural and physical world. anatomy through dissection, notably by 1  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Andreas Vesalius, and the study of What are the differences between SCIENCE, microorganisms initiated by Robert Hooke TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY? and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Chemistry: Transition from alchemy to modern chemistry, including the identification of elements and the study of chemical reactions. 1. JOB OPPORTUNITIES - Allows employees more time to concentrate on areas of job that require soft skills. - Employers expect to have their staff to have basic ICT skills What are the Contributions of the Scientific Intellectual revolutions and Revolution? defined Society Technology Scientist that has notable contributions: - is a body of knowledge devoted to creating tools, processing actions, Nicolaus Copernicus and extracting materials. - “thought experiment” - is human knowledge that involves - appointed as a canon at From Bork tools, materials, and systems. The Cathedral in Poland after a application of technology typically Doctorate degree. results in products. - influenced by the book Epitome - is machinery and equipment published by a German developed from the application of Johannesburg Mueller in 1946 scientific knowledge. containing the observations of the - is dynamic; it keeps on improving heavens and some commentary on because our needs and demands for earlier works. technology keep on changing. - De revolutionibus orbiting coelestium (On the Revolutions of Society the Heavenly Spheres) 1543. - Is a kind of collective entity, as is a Presented a model of the universe nation, a state, an organization, and everything moved around a a family. particular center at consistent rate, - is a large social grouping that shares the sun to be centerpiece of the the same geographical territory and universe while all the planets are is subject to the same political orbiting the sun every year. The authority and dominant cultural moon would be seen orbiting the expectations. Earth. - Any group of people who have lived - He positioned the planets in order of and worked together long enough to increasing distance from the sun. get themselves organized and to - Roman Catholic Christ church think of themselves as a social unit prohibited and ignored the with well defined limits. publication of the Copernican model for the rest of the 16th century. 2  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Nicolaus Copernicus Beliefs about the Universe adds value to evidence-based science. Views of the Universe Sigmund Freud - famous in the field of psychology exploring the complexities of the human mind. - Psychoanalysis is an excellent method to study the human mind and neurotic illness scientifically. - Proposed that human behavior is influenced by irrational forces, desires, and conflicts. Suggesting that human beings are not fully aware of the motivations behind their actions. Charles Darwin - A genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family. Johnson (2012) Cradles of Early Science - Student of Shrewsbury School - Endorsed by his professor to join a Development of Science in Mesoamerica five-year expedition through HMS - Mesoamerica - refers to the entire Beagle on the island of Galapagos area of Central America from - Published the book “The Origin of southern Mexico up to the boarder Species” which presented pieces of of South America. evidence on how species evolved - Rich culture and indigenous over time. Presented pieces of knowledge system. evidence on the traits and adaptations that are unique for LATIN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION different species. - Is one of the prominent civilizations - The Descent of Man - made a major during the ancient period that lasted contributions on evolutionary for approximately 2000 years. biology and physics of science. That - Known for their works in astronomy 3  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss - Advanced knowledge of astronomy Tzolkin Calendar Haab Calendar in the design of their temples and - Devised a rainbow of glittery paints other religious structures allowing made from a mineral called MICA. them to use these temples for - First people to produce rubber conducting astronomical products observation. - First civilization to use writing system known as Mayan Heiroglyphics - Known in mathematics created a number system based on the numeral 20 and developed the concept of zero and positional value. LATIN AMERICA: INCAN CIVILIZATION 1. Building roads covered with stones 2. Constructing stone structures that could survive earthquakes and other natural Ex.: Chichen Itza calamities (Mexico) - positioned to 3. Developing QUIPU, a system of knotted the spot of ropes to keep records that only experts can the sun during the spring interpret. and fall equinoxes. 4. Inventing a calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season. - Two Mayan Calendar Systems 5. Developing irrigation system and - Developed technology for growing technique for storing water for their crops to different crops and for building grow in all types of land. elegant cities using ordinary 6. Creating Inca textiles. machineries and tools - Hydraulic system with complex waterways to supply water to different communities - Built looms for weaving clothes. LATIN AMERICA: AZTEC CIVILIZATION Contributions to science and technology 4  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss 1. Mandatory Education - the Aztec - Establishment of a highly organized puts value on education. Their society and government children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender or age. Development of Science in Asia 2. Antispasmodic medication - they used a type of antispasmodic Asia - largest continent in the world the home of medication that could prevent several ancient civilization muscle spaces and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. 3. Chinampa - it is a form of Aztec technology for agriculture in which the land was divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals 4. Invention of the canoe - it is a light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems INDIA 5. Chocolates - the Aztec in Mexico - Concept of Zero: Ancient Indian developed chocolates. The Aztec mathematicians, particularly Aryabhata, valued the cacao beans as part of were instrumental in developing the concept their offerings to the Gods of zero, revolutionizing mathematics. 6. Aztec Calendar - this calendar - Decimal System: The place value system enabled them to plan their activities, and decimal notation were formalized in rituals and planting season. ancient India, providing a foundation for modern arithmetic. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION - Astronomy: Aryabhata calculated the - Writing and Literature length of the solar year and proposed - Invention of the hieroglyphic writing heliocentric theories long before they were system recognized in the West. - Development of papyrus as a writing - Ayurveda: This ancient system of medicine, material documented by Charaka and Sushruta, - Creation of extensive literature includes surgical techniques and holistic including religious texts, legends, health practices that are still relevant today. and scientific writings - Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as - Iconic architectural achievements the "father of surgery," having performed like the pyramids and temples complex procedures including cataract - Significant progress in mathematics, surgery and plastic surgery. geometry, and astronomy - Sanskrit Literature: The Vedas, - Accurate mapping of the Earth's Upanishads, and epics like the Mahabharata surface and Ramayana have had a profound impact - Establishment of a 365-day solar on literature and philosophy globally. calendar - Innovations in medicine and surgery CHINA - Advancements in agriculture and - Papermaking: The invention of paper irrigation techniques during the Han dynasty revolutionized - Belief in the afterlife and record-keeping and education. mummification of the dead 5  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss - Silk Road: This network of trade routes AFRICAN COUNTRIES facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, - Trans-Saharan Trade: This network and culture between East and West, shaping facilitated the exchange of goods, global commerce. such as gold and salt, and - Cultural Influence: China's civilization has contributed to the rise of powerful significantly influenced neighboring empires like Mali and Songhai. countries, spreading its language, - Nubia and Kush: These civilizations governance, and cultural practices. contributed to trade, cultural - Printing: Development of woodblock and exchanges, and the spread of movable type printing facilitated the spread ironworking technology. of literature and knowledge. - Compass and Gunpowder: These inventions greatly influenced navigation and warfare, LESSON 2: Science and respectively, impacting global history. - Confucianism and Daoism: These Technology and Nation philosophical systems have shaped social structures, ethics, and governance in East Building Asia and beyond. - Buddhism: The spread of Buddhism from Philippine Government Science and Technology India through China influenced spiritual Agenda practices and cultural exchanges across Asia. - The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES and technology. - The goal is to prepare the whole country - Abrahamic Religions: The Middle and its people to meet the demands of a East is the birthplace of major world technologically driven world and capacitate religions, including Judaism, the people to live in a world driven by Christianity, and Islam, which have science. shaped moral and ethical frameworks globally. AMBISYON NATIN 2040 - Philosophical Thought: The region contributed significantly to philosophical discourse, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age, which preserved and expanded upon ancient Greek and Roman knowledge. NATIONAL INTEGRATED BASIC RESEARCH AGENDA 6  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION NATIONAL UNIFIED HEALTH RESEARCH Agencies responsible for the implementation of AGENDA Harmonized R&D Agenda Government Policies Pertaining to Science and AGRICULTURAL, AQUATIC AND NATURAL Technology RESOURCES - Republic Act 10055 - known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009. It aims to provide a framework and support system for the ownership, management, use and commercialization of intellectual property resulting from R&D funded by the government. - Republic Act 2067 - known as Science Act of 1985. It focuses on the integration, coordination, INDUSTRY, ENERGY, AND EMERGING and intensification of scientific and TECHNOLOGY technological research and development and fostering inventions to provide funds for other purposes. Science Education in the Philippines Basic Education 7  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss - PH Science Education - R.A. 7722 lead by Caraga Region Campus (Butuan City) CHED, DEPED and Kagawaran ng Zamboanga Peninsula Campus (Dipolog City) Edukasyon. - Science as one of the focus of K+12 The Problem in Science Education program. - Teacher - student ratio - Presents importance of science and - Lack of facilities technology - Lack of teaching materials and - Provides learners with a repertoire of equipment competencies important in the world and in knowledge-based society. DOST and its Existing Programs - Philippine Science High School - problems There are also other existing programs like Teacher - student ratio, lack of facilities, supported by the Philippine government Lack of teaching materials and equipment through the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Tertiary Education - Providing funds for basic research - refers to all formal post-secondary and patents related to science and education, including public and private technology universities, colleges, technical training - Providing scholarships for institutes, and vocational schools. undergraduate and graduate studies in the field of science and R.A. 7722 technology - Commission on Higher Education was - Establishing more branches of the created to oversee the system of highed Philippine Science High School education in the country and to formulate System policies, plans, and programs for the development of public and private higher DOST Projects education. - Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and Philippine Science High School work in the Philippines - is a specialized public high school system in the - Developing science and technology parks in Philippines which operates as an attached agency academic campuses to encourage of DOST. It has 16 campuses located in the academic and industry partnerships. following areas nationwide: - The establishment of the National Science Main Campus (Quezon City) Complex and National Engineering Complex Ilocos Region Campus (Ilocos Sur) within the University of thePhilippines Cagayan Valley Campus (Nueva Vizcaya) campus in Diliman. CAR Campus (Baguio City) Central Luzon Campus (Pampanga) Philippine Government and DOST CALABARZON Campus (Batangas City) With the agency's elevation to full cabinet stature MIMAROPA Campus (Romblon) by virtue of Executive Order 128 signed on 30 Bicol Region Campus (Camarines Sur) January 1987, the functions and responsibilities of Western Visayas Campus (Iloilo City) DOST expanded correspondingly to include the Central Visayas Campus (Cebu) following: Eastern Visayas Campus (Leyte) - Pursue the declared state policy of Central Mindanao Campus (Lanao del Norte) supporting local scientific and technological Southern Mindanao Campus (Davao City) effort SOCCSKSARGEN Region Campus (South - Develop local capability to achieve Cotabato technological self- reliance. 8  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss - Encourage greater private sector Dr. Abelardo Aguilar - Erythromycin participation in research and development. - Antibiotic erythromycin produced by the bacterium Streptomyces BALIK SCIENTIST PROGRAM erythreus found in the soil from his On June 15, 2018, President Rodrigo R. Duterte own province in Iloilo. institutionalized the program with RA 11035 "Balik Scientist Act" also known as the Balik Scientist Act. Ruperta David - Patis Then after three (3) months, the DOST crafted the - Accidentally discovered patis in implementing rules and regulations (IRR) and MC 1940s when she noticed that some of No. 006 of the Balik Scientist Law. It aims to: the salted fish she stored in a jar Reverse the effect of the brain drain turned into fragments that turned Strengthen S & T capabilities into liquid. Accelerate flow of technologies Promote knowledge of sharing Maria Orosa y Ylagan - Banana Catsup - She focused on creating another flavor of catsup, the banana catsup. Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies Filipinos love to use this condiment for every fried food. Indigenous Science is a product of indigenous knowledge perfected by Rolanda de la Cruz - Anticancer cream people through life experiences. It may connote - Developed from cashew nuts and traditional and non- scientific knowledge because it other local herbs to treat basal skin includes superstitious beliefs and practices which carcinoma (BSC). maybe products of human imagination. Examples of indigenous science include: Rolanda de la Cruz - Mole remover Traditional health habit practices - Another invention in 2000 and it Use of herbal medicines remove warts and moles on the skin. Knowledge on preserving foods Building irrigation system Diosdado Banatao - 16-bit microchip Making wines and juices from fruits - This chip allows the computer users Classifying different types of soil for planting to make graphical presentation Local method of growing vegetables in the yard using graphics and commands. Method of calculating and estimating Knowledge on mineral resources in the community Making products such as vinegar, cheese and nata de coco LESSON 3: TECHNOLOGY AS WAY Philippine Indigenous Technologies Pedro Flores - Yoyo OF REVEALING - a toy consisting of an axle connected to two disks and a string Introduction to Technology looped around the axle. “Technē” - Greek word for art or craft Technology can be defined as the Dr. Fe del Mundo - Medical Incubator advancement of scientific knowledge - This tool was purposely invented to Technology is the application of that regulate the body temperature of scientific knowledge to create devices that newbworn babies. solve problems and carry out tasks 9  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Martin Heidegger's critique of technology ○ A smartphone consists of many centers around his belief that technology components, but its essence lies in has a limiting nature that prevents further how we use it for communication understanding of its true essence. and social interaction. He argues that the common definitions of ○ A smartphone consists of many technology as either: components, but its essence lies in Instrumental (a means to an end) how we use it for communication Anthropological (human activity) and social interaction. Those are too narrow and fail to capture the ○ It reflects a cultural shift where deeper philosophical implications of connectivity and convenience often technology take priority over deeper human connections. Heidegger’s Main Criticisms: 1. Technology is not purely technological - Functions of Technology solving problems caused by technology Instrumental Function (Technology as a Means cannot be solved by simply improving to an End) technology Common View: Technology is just a tool that ○ The real problem lies in our helps us solve problems and accomplish technological mindset (constantly tasks. exploiting resources), not just in the specific technologies themselves. Merely improving devices won’t fix the core issue. 2. Modern technology turns the world into a "standing-reserve" - the world's resources Instrumental Function (Technology as a Means are seen as "good for" something else to an End) rather than inherently valuable. Heidegger’s Critique: ○ Forests are no longer viewed as ○ Heidegger argues that seeing natural ecosystems but are seen as technology only as a tool ignores "timber reserves” ready to be cut how it shapes our perception of the down for lumber. world. ○ Rivers are viewed not for their ○ By reducing it to a means to an end, beauty or role in the ecosystem but we overlook how it influences our as "water sources" for irrigation or understanding, turning us into hydropower. problem-solvers and framing 3. Modern technology challenges nature to everything as a resource for use. provide energy - it unlocks and transforms energy from natural resources for human Anthropological Function (Technology as purposes Human Activity) ○ Dams built on rivers for hydroelectric Common View: Technology is a product of power challenge and redirect the human ingenuity and scientific flow of water to generate electricity. advancement. It’s part of human culture 4. The essence of modern technology is not and activity—people create technology to technological - the parts that make up solve problems, and technological progress technological devices belong to the is seen as part of the human journey. technological, but the activity of assembling ○ development of medical technology them is what truly defines modern represents human innovation and technology. effort. 10  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Heidegger’s Critique Formal Cause (Causa Formalis): The shape or ○ Heidegger argues that viewing form technology as human control over In Martin Heidegger's reinterpretation of nature overlooks how it deeply Aristotle's philosophy, the formal cause transforms human existence. (causa formalis) refers to the shape, form, ○ Technology changes how we think, or essence of an object. It embodies the act, and relate to the world, often in specific characteristics that define what an unnoticed ways. object is and how it functions within a particular context. Heidegger’s Four Causes The formal cause of the chalice is its shape Martin Heidegger reinterprets Aristotle's and design, which determine its four causes in the context of his philosophy functionality and purpose, particularly in on technology. religious ceremonies According to Heidegger, the four causes are This aspect emphasizes that the form of an not about accountability or creation, but object is crucial for understanding its rather what helps an object reach its full identity and intended use potential as a functional object. Efficient Cause (Causa Efficiens): The cause of Heidegger’s Four Causes change Material Cause (Causa materialis): The material In Martin Heidegger's framework, the of an object efficient cause (causa efficiens) refers to the In Heidegger's philosophy, the material agent or mechanism that brings about cause (causa materialis) refers to the change or existence in an object. This substance or material out of which an concept aligns with Aristotle's original object is made. This concept is derived from definition, where the efficient cause is Aristotle, who identified material cause as identified as the source of the object's one of the four causes that explain why a creation or transformation. thing is the way it is. The efficient cause is represented by the silversmith who crafts the chalice. The silversmith's actions—shaping, molding, and assembling the materials—are what bring the chalice into existence. This cause emphasizes the role of the creator or agent in the process of making something. Final Cause (Causa finalis): The purpose of an object In Martin Heidegger's philosophical framework, the final cause (causa finalis) Heidegger illustrates the material cause refers to the purpose or end for which an using the example of a silver chalice. The object is created. It embodies the intended silver itself is the material cause of the function or goal that an object serves within chalice, as it provides the physical a specific context. This concept is rooted in substance that constitutes the object. Aristotle's original definition, where the final This aspect emphasizes that every object cause is seen as the ultimate reason for an has a tangible basis that contributes to its object's existence. existence. 11  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss The final cause is its use in religious ○ For example, a tree growing in the ceremonies. The chalice is designed not just forest naturally through the to hold liquid but to fulfill a sacred purpose, processes of nature. enhancing the ritualistic experience. This aspect emphasizes that understanding an object's final cause is essential for comprehending its full essence and significance. 4 Causes Diagram of a Table Bringing-Forth in Technology: techne an aletheia Techne refers to the skill of craftsmanship and the art of creation, closely tied to the idea of bringing-forth and revealing the essence of technology. ○ It involves more than just technical skill; it is about uncovering the deeper truth behind what is being made. Aletheia refers to the concept of unconcealment or truth, which plays a crucial role in understanding the nature of Bringing-Forth in Technology: Poiesis and Physis technology. Poiesis: This refers to the act of ○ Heidegger argues that technology is bringing forth an object through not merely a collection of tools or creation or art. instruments; rather, it is a mode of ○ It is practiced by craftsmen and revealing that uncovers the essence artists who utilize their skills (techne) of objects and the world around us. to create meaningful objects. ○ For example, a silversmith crafting a Modern Technology vs Traditional Technology chalice engages in poiesis by Traditional Technology shaping material into a meaningful In traditional technology, the act of object. bringing-forth (poiesis) is deeply connected to aletheia (revealing of truth). This creative process uncovers the essence of both the object and the world. ○ For example, a carpenter working with wood to build a chair. The carpenter isn’t just assembling m aterials; they’re engaging with the wood, understanding its grain, its strength, and its natural qualities. As they shape the wood into the chair, Physis: It refers to the natural process of they are revealing the wood’s things coming into existence on their own, potential and essence. without human intervention. This is what Heidegger means by revealing truth—the act of creation/bringing forth 12  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss (the poiesis) uncovers the hidden potential The windmill is used to exemplify how (aletheia) in the wood, and through this modern technology unlocks and transforms process, the essence of both the chair and energy from natural resources for human the material are revealed. purposes. The wind, which is a natural resource, is challenged by the windmill to Modern Technology provide energy that can then be used for Heidegger argues that modern technology various applications. This process exposes has lost this connection to aletheia. the wind's potential for manipulation by Rather than revealing the true essence of technology. objects, modern technology reduces everything to a standing-reserve—where nature and resources are seen only in terms of their utility for human exploitation. Instead of uncovering deeper truths, modern technology tends to manipulate and control, treating the world as a stockpile of resources waiting to be used. Challenging Nature for Energy Heidegger identifies two ways in which modern technology challenges nature to provide energy: The dam is used as another example to 1. Unlocking and Transforming Energy show how modern technology maximizes ○ Modern technology forces nature to the use of a given object while minimizing release its energy (like extracting oil expenditure. When a dam is built on a river, or converting sunlight into the river's purpose changes from being a electricity) and transforms this source of poetic and philosophical energy for human purposes. inspiration (as it was for an artist) to ○ It doesn't just use natural resources becoming a source of energy that can be but manipulates and exposes their unlocked, transformed, stored, and potential for human control, turning distributed as needed. them into something usable. 2. Maximizing Efficiency The Concept of Enframing ○ Modern technology aims to Enframing (gestell) - refers to the way maximize the use of resources while modern technology shapes how we see the minimizing effort or costs. world. It makes us view everything, ○ This process of "setting-upon" and including nature, as a resource to be used "ordering" nature reflects the and controlled. essence of modern technology as a Heidegger believes that through enframing, means of challenging and humans are placed in the role of organizers, manipulating the world. manipulating nature to serve our needs. Instead of seeing nature for what it is, we see it only as something useful for us. This mindset of control and exploitation is what Heidegger means by enframing—it changes how we interact with the world, reducing everything to something we use. 13  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss LESSON 4: Human ○ Used stones, wood, bone, ivory metals and learned to produce and Flourishing ○ use fire. Practiced metal smelting which led to the use of bronze. Humans Humans scientifically known as Homo sapiens are the backbone of today’s society. Aristotle described humans as rational thinkers capable of thinking and reasoning. Science and technology satisfy man’s material needs and desires in this world. Human satisfaction is based on rational calculations dictated by personal preferences called Rational Choice Theory 3. Domestication of animals (Zey, 2001). ○ Hunters and gatherers started We are the world’s/today’s backbone. domesticating animals. Meaning, society will cease to exist if ○ Humans started to settle humans are gone. No growth nor permanently. development. ○ Raised animals for clothing, Aristotle medicine and shelters. Philosopher/Scientist ○ First domesticated animals were For him, everyone will follow you as long as goats, sheeps, and chickens. you're eloquent. Eloquent means a person ○ Large animals like oxen and horses possesses incredible skills for interpersonal known as the “beasts of burden” communication or public speaking. were used in plowing and transportation activities. Characteristics of Humans that Evolved Over 4. Changes in human body Time ○ The change in the diet of humans led Humans before are known as gatherers. to the evolution of the body shapes They were also referred to as nomads, as to help them adapt to hot and cold they travel into an area where resources are climates (Aiello, 1997). The following abundant. Then they either hunt wild are the changes that happened to animals or pick fruits and vegetables. the human body. ○ Short bodies and long guts (6 million 1. Walking upright years ago) They learned how to eat ○ Ancestors of humans gradually plant based foods. evolved over millions of years to ○ Tall bodies and short gut (1.9 million become bipedal beings. years ago) Learned how to travel, ○ Bipedalism allowed our ancestors to they eat other types of food, raw climb trees, walk on the ground, and food. move around to different habitats ○ Compact bodies (400,000 years ago) for survival. They learned how to cook foods. 2. Use of different tools ○ Bones were smooth and weaker ○ Humans forage, hunt, and fish for (50,000 years ago) They learned how ○ food consumption. to carry heavy things. 5. Complexity of brains 14  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss ○ Larger and complex brains It is the highest good of human endeavors. ○ Change due to challenges they It is the ability to live a good life. encountered in the environment Humans need to satisfy their needs and ○ Physical environment - climate, demands which lead to inventions, diet and food availability technologies, and research. ○ Social environment - group size, According to Aristotle, when humans desire ○ parental care ends, we reach eudaimonia, flourishing, or 6. Social life happiness. ○ Humans are social beings. No man is Eudaimonia from the Greek word “well” and an island. daimon or daemon meaning ”spirit”. ○ Interactions led to the formation of Eudaimonia is defined as a contented state a society. of being happy, healthy and prosperous. ○ Society came from the Latin word It is an objective state that characterized “societas” meaning friendly the well-lived life as an individual’s ideal association with others. emotional state. ○ Being part of the society is ○ e.g., some people believe that the important because: ultimate satisfactions is meeting ○ Mutual support God in heaven. ○ Formation of social groups Virtue ethics- normative ethical theories ○ Cultivation of culture developed by ancient Greek philosophers. ○ Regulation of policies and standards These virtues ethics are linked to arete ○ Pursuit of common goal “excellence of any kind that is necessary in 7. Use of language and symbols order for one individual to flourish and ○ Used different languages, symbols attain the good life”. and ○ sounds to communicate. History of Eudaimonia ○ Paintings convey and store Human flourishing according to Aristotle information. Eudaimonia is explained in his ○ Used jewelries and other Nichomachean Ethics back in the 4th adornments to reflect their age, sex century BC. and social status. Happiness is conditional for it is dependent ○ Improvement continued to on other conditions. modernity and now uses printing Individual’s worldly conditions are press, computers etc. important in his or her pursuit of eudaimonia. Human Flourishing Eudaimonia is not instrumental good but “Aristotle teaches that each man' life has a purpose rather, the ultimate good for it is intrinsically and that the function of one’s life is to attain that good or good in its own sake. purpose. He explains that the purpose of life is Community is important for individual to earthly happiness or flourishing that can be flourish as a human being. achieved via reason and the acquisition of virtue." Friendship is a contributing factor in (Edward W. Younkins, Montreal, November 22, attaining eudaimonia. 2003/No 133) It is defined as an effort to achieve Human flourishing in the Christian perspective self-actualization and fulfillment within the St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas context of a larger community of Aquinas proposed that eudaimonia or individuals, each with the right to pursue his human flourishing requires one to have or her own efforts. knowledge of God. 15  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss John Locke stressed that happiness is Positive psychological and social pursued through prudence. functioning Old Testament Resilience and faster recovery from stress ○ best described by shalom- peace, In Martin E. P. Seligman’s well-being theory harmony, and completeness. human flourishing goes beyond individual ○ it is the sense of wholeness involving happiness; it also encompass psychological an individual’s relationship with God well- being. and His creations. ○ Involves trusting the Word and plan There are five pillars under the Well-Being of God that he has already set from Theory: PERMA Model the beginning of creation. Positive emotion New Testament Engagement ○ captured in the Bible’s New Relationships Testament through the Beatitudes Meaning ○ These are the eight blessings Accomplishment preached by Jesus to his followers in Matthew 5:1-12/ There are Five Pillars under the Well-Being ○ Each beatitude begins with the Theory: Greek word makarios (plural 1. Positive Emotion - Positive emotion is joy, makarioi) meaning “blessed” or interest contentment and love contrary to happy negative emotions. ○ It contributes to a pleasant life. 2. Engagement - Perform everything with Enthusiasm. ○ Conscious with what they are doing. 3. Relationships - Relationship is formed through interactions or connections with other people. ○ When there is relationship there is shared feelings and experiences with one another. ○ Positive relationship is believed to be part of the evolution of humans. 4. Meaning - Meaningful life is felt with belongingness. ○ It proves your meaning or purpose with other people and reflect man’s value or worth. The beatitudes begin with the phrase ○ Philosopher Thomas Nagel believes “Blessed are…” or “Happy are…” for they in cosmic insignificance- that man impart which qualities and attitudes one does not affect the universe, but must have on Earth in order to flourish in only man’s immediate environment. the afterlife. 5. Accomplishment - Accomplishment denotes success or achievement. Flourishing is equal to a positive mental health; ○ It happens when you successfully thus, it leads to: finished tasks after a lot of hard Positive emotional and physical well-being work. 16  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss ○ Attained goals bring happiness and Aristotle vs Plato: Happiness and Virtue satisfaction to humans as they are admired and adored by other people for their achievement. LESSON 5: The Good Life Utilitarianism -> Greatest Happiness Principle An action is right as far as it maximizes the Aristotle was the first philosopher who approached attainment of happiness for the greatest the problem of reality from a "scientific" |ens. And number of people. (John Stuart Mill). the first thinker who dabbled intc the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness Materialism First materialists were the atomists in Plato ancient Greece- Democritus and Leucippus. Idealism. The world is made up of and is controlled by Theory of Forms - some things are fixed, the tiny indivisible units in the world called unchanging, perfect, and true; outside of Atomos or seeds-the world is made up of the physical world. matter. Most people who are clinging on to material Aristotle wealth as the primary source of the Realism meaning of their existence. Supports Empiricism - knowledge comes from experience Hedonism Coined “Eudaimonia” - pinnacle of End goal of life is acquiring pleasure happiness Life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die” advocated by Epicurus. Stoicism The idea that to generate happiness , one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic Apatheia-means to be indifferent. One must find the truth about what the good is It teaches that living a good life means before one can even try to locate that which is living in accordance. with nature and good. reason, focusing on what is within our control, and accepting what we cannot change with calmness and resilience. Theism Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as a fulcrum of their existence. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God. 17  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Humanism Intellectual virtues have the following key Espouses the freedom of man to carve his features: own destiny and to legislate his own laws. 1. They are acquired. No one is born with Man is literally the captain of his own ship. intellectual virtues. Intellectual courage Humanists see themselves not merely as perseverance, or open-mindedness are stewards of creation but as individuals who obtained through practice guided by are in control of themselves and the world instructions. outside them. 2. They are excellent character traits. A person may have excellent mathematical ability, Intellectual Virtues but his is not considered a virtue. Virtues - trait or quality that is deemed to Intellectual virtue iS possessed by a person be morally good and thus, is valued as with excellent disposition in life whether this foundation of principle could be about decision making or Excellent personal traits or character accepting criticisms. strength which are deemed to be morally 3. They involve human emotions, intentions, good for thinking and learning and are motivations, and values. A person with often associated with knowledge and intellectual virtue does not rejoice with cognitive ability. falsehood but loves the truth. Even if it will Good thinking and learning require being mean hurting one's friend, the truth is still intellectually careful, honest, with humility, prioritized to be free. If people are and being attentive. These are considered motivated by truthfulness and honesty, their intellectual virtues intentions will also be for the greater good. People who are good thinkers know a lot of This reflects the principle that people value things; they are intelligent people with in life. reasonably high intelligence quotient. 4. They are aimed at cognitive goods. The However, an individual who is wise and goals of intellectual virtue are knowledge, knowledgeable can also become lazy, truth and understanding which are the irresponsible, arrogant, careless, dishonest common goods and which unify intellectual or close-minded at the same time. virtues and differentiate them from moral virtues. Intellectual Virtues vs Moral Virtues 5. They are means between two extremes. This Intellectual Virtues include theoretical means that intellectual virtues serve as a wisdom (thinking and truth), practical means between the excess and deficiency. wisdom, and understanding. That iS, courage stands between rashness Experience and time are necessary and cowardice, while humility bridges requirements for the development of belittling oneself and being arrogant. intellectual virtue Pleasure vs Happiness Moral Virtues Pleasure Moral Virtues are controlled by practical Positive, enjoyable or worth seeking mental wisdom and owes its development to how state that gives a feeling of satisfaction and one nurtured it as habit. enjoyment Patience is the ability to endure difficult Significant component of happiness circumstances. This feeling will not last a lifetime Courage is the choice and willingness to confront uncertainty. Happiness Persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success 18  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss A state o well-being and contentment that 2. Politico-economic sense encompasses living a good life with a sense Microeconomy The economic of meaning and deep satisfaction concept of the public good pertains Considered as a higher level of satisfaction to the benefit that may accrue to an individual or a firm in pursuing a Public Good project that will offset possible An item or service that must be consumed losses or adverse effects and that without reducing the amount available for will likewise benefit the general others, and cannot be withheld from those public. E.g.: Lamppost may be costly, who do not pay for it. but will be built if benefits outweigh The government pursue it with service cost orientation Macroeconomy Industrial and The private corporation pursue it with profit business firms are agencies that are orientation service-oriented profit-oriented. Two Concepts of Public Good Types of Public Goods 1. Politico-ethical sense - 1. “Public” Public Goods. NATIONAL PEOPLE AND THE Non-rival and non-excludable PUBLIC GOOD - Public good Public goods are in the interest not benefits the communal or national only of the individual public but the public as it is used by a greater entire nation as well number of the local population Ex. National security, education, ○ Examples: National defense, health services, trade and industry, education, public health, streetlights, law and order, and public ports and highways, national defense social services and others. 2. “Private” Public Goods COMMUNAL PEOPLE AND THE Set up by the Private sector either PUBLIC GOOD ⁃ A public good that solely or in participation with the benefits majority of the population government since the private sector but in "rare" instance affect a sees their realization as profitable portion of the population in a The general public benefits from different way them as well either as customers or ○ Ex: A massive dam that as free riders would irrigate vast tracts of Include products and services that land and provide thousands are not consumable for all, then only of megawatts of electricity those who have the money can avail would undoubtedly become a of them. national public good. 3. “Mixed” Public Goods ○ However, the communal Undertaken by some private people of the place where the organizations or civil societies for dam would be constructed the common good of the communal may oppose it is it would or national public mean loss of their ancestral Basically, service oriented lands and abandonment of The public goods pursued are mixed their traditional means of in the sense that the undertakers are livelihood. private groups and yet they seek not profits 19  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Sooner they become private corporations or cooperatives 2. Just and Good Governance - the green economy promotes good governance Public “Bads” because it is founded upon accountable, Negative goods which the general public transparent and resilient institutions. It scorns promotes devolved decision-making and Avoided or not tolerated by both the private open dialog, keeping vested interests out of and public sectors the decision-making process. By requiring Example corruption, pollution, crimes, broad public support, it encourages collaborative approaches to problem- Eudaimonia and the Common Good solving. Greek words "eu" (good) and "daimon" (spirit). 3. Poverty Eradication - by opening up This refers to the good life marked by entirely new economic sectors that require happiness and excellence, new skills and training, the transition to the Eudaimonia focuses on living in accord with green economy offers substantial what is intrinsically worthwhile to human investment and job creation opportunities. beings - purpose, meaning relationships, The green economy is inclusive and good health, and contribution to the non-discriminatory, promoting equal community. income distribution and opportunities while reducing disparities between - and among - Green Economy people. A result of improved human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing 4. Energy-Efficiency - a green economy environmental risks and ecological focuses on using resources efficiently, in a scarcities, UNEP (2010) circular manner, so as to reduce waste to a A green economy can be thought of as low bare minimum. carbon resource efficient and socially It seeks to rebalance the consumer-driven inclusive model towards one that is more sustainable In a green economy, growth in income and in terms of natural resource usage. employment should be driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon 5. Low-Carbon Development - Low-carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy development: the green economy is based and resource efficiency, and prevent the on the use of renewable energy sources - loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. like solar, wind, hydroelectric and hydrogen - that generate little or no amounts of CO2 Five Principles of Green Economy emissions. 1. Wellbeing - a people-centric model, the A low carbon economy is also one that green economy seeks to allow everybody to encourages extensive electrification - with increase their wellbeing, not just in energy produced sustainably from economic terms, but also in terms of human, renewable sources - in industry, mobility social, physical and cultural capital. and other aspects of life. It prioritizes access to knowledge and education, more environment-friendly S&T and Good Life production technologies and processes, and Improved Healthcare sustainable infrastructure, allowing people Enhanced Communication to prosper while treating nature and our Increased Accessibility natural resources sustainably. Improved Standard of Living 20  Reviewer by Kurtkurt! Goodluck gaisss Environmental Sustainability Education and Lifelong Learning Entertainment and Leisure Enhanced Safety and Security Personalization Global Collaboration 21