STS Exam Notes PDF

LESSON 1 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- STS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY *...

LESSON 1 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- STS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY **- STS** - studies how science and technology influence society, both positively and negatively. \- It is an interdisciplinary field drawing from history, philosophy, anthropology, and sociology. **- What is Science?:** \- Derived from the **Latin word \"scientia,\"** meaning **knowledge.** \- Science involves observation and experimentation to understand the natural world. \- It\'s a systematic body of knowledge acquired through research. \- Theories, principles, and laws arise from the study of facts and relationships in nature. **\-- KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION** **- What is Technology?:** \- Comes from **Greek: \"techne\" (skills, craftsmanship)** and **"logos\" (reason, discourse).** \- Technology refers **to techniques and methods created to solve problems or make life easier.** \- It is applied knowledge---using scientific breakthroughs to create tools or processes. **- USE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL** \- \*Relationship between Science and Technology\*: \- \*Science\* explores for the sake of knowledge. \- \*Technology\* uses scientific knowledge to develop useful applications. \- Science often leads to technological innovations, and technology allows for further scientific advancements. **SCIENCE -- PURPOSE OF KNOWING** **TECHNOLOGY - USE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE SOMETHING USEFUL** \- \*Comparison of Science and Technology\*: \- \*Science\*: \- Focuses on \*discovering natural laws\*. \- Aims to \*expand knowledge\*. \- Requires organized experimentation. \- \*Technology\*: \- Focuses on \*applying scientific knowledge\*. \- Aims to develop techniques and \*solve real-world problems\*. \- \*Role of Science and Technology\*: \- Profoundly impacts \*economic development\* and the way people live, connect, and communicate. \- Can \*improve lives\*, especially in developing countries (e.g., cancer therapy, genetic engineering). \- Key drivers of societal development. **- What is Society?:** \- Originates from the **Latin word \"societas\" meaning "association or companionship".** \- Refers to groups of people involved in persistent social interaction, sharing geography, politics, and culture. \- Effects of Science and Technology on Society \- Science and technology **can improve living conditions and advance \*education, ethics, and justice\*.** \- They enable cultural development and societal growth. \- However, society also influences the direction and application of scientific research. \- Relationship Between Science, Technology, and Society: \- Society **promotes technological advancement and research.** \- Technology **shapes social behavior.** \- Science and technology continuously interact and evolve with societal needs. LESSON 2 \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ \ **- \*\*Immediate Concerns of Early Humans\*\*: (F , C , T , P , S)** \- Food Security (Agriculture) \- Communication and Record Keeping \- Transportation and Navigation \- Physical Security (Warfare) \- Spirituality and General Well-being **MESOAMERICA --** map of modern North , Central and South America **- \*\*Mesoamerican Civilizations\*\*: ( M I A)** \- **\*\*Maya (250--900 CE)\*\*:** \- Advanced in **astronomy, predicting eclipses, and using two calendar systems**. \- Developed hydraulic systems, rubber production, writing (hieroglyphics), and mathematical concepts like zero. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Mayan Pyramid for Astronomical Observations\"\* \*Purpose\*: **Shows how the Maya used astronomy in religious structures for observations**. **- \*\*Inca (1200--1533 CE)\*\*:** \- Stone roads, earthquake-resistant buildings, irrigation, and the first suspension bridge. \- Quipu (knotted ropes for record-keeping) and prized textiles. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Inca Suspension Bridge\"\* \*Purpose**\*: Highlights Incan engineering with their first suspension bridges.** **- \*\*Aztec (1325--1521 CE)\*\*:** \- Innovations like **mandatory education, chocolate, anti-spasmodic medicine, and the canoe.** \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Aztec Chinampa (Floating Gardens)\"\* \*Purpose\*: Illustrates their agricultural innovation of creating floating gardens for crop cultivation. **- \*\*Science in Asia\*\*:** **- \*\*India\*\*:** \- Known for metallurgy **(high-quality iron and steel), medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.** **- \*\*China\*\*:** \- Major inventions: **compass, paper, gunpowder, printing tools, seismological detectors**. \- Contributions to bridge designs, astronomy, and traditional medicine. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Chinese Compass\"\* \*Purpose\*: Demonstrates China's crucial invention in navigation. **- \*\*Science in the Middle East\*\*:** \- Muslim scientists emphasized experimental methods. **- \*\*Ibn al- Haytham\*\*: Father of Optics.** \- Refinements in the number system (decimal notation) and advancements in chemistry. \- **\*\*Ibn Sina\*\*: Pioneered experimental medicine and clinical trials.\ ** **He is from the Middle East and wrote notable works used as standard medicine texts, especially containing the contagious nature of infection.**\ **Answer:** *Ibn Sina (Avicenna)*. He was a Persian polymath who wrote *The Canon of Medicine*, which became a reference for medical knowledge in the medieval world. \- \*\*Science in Africa\*\*: \- **Egyptian civilization contributed to astronomy, mathematics (geometry), and medicine.** \- Developed metal tools and fundamental mathematical operations. \- \*\*Technological Eras\*\*: **- \*\*Bronze Age (3500--1200 BCE)\*\*:** \- Innovations: wheel, cuneiform writing, and hieroglyphics. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Bronze Age Wheel\"\* \*Purpose\*: Represents the early innovation of the wheel, enhancing transportation. **SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS :** **( S , B , A , A , E , C , I ,P ,L C , G , R )** **SUMERIANS** - is known for introducing **the Postal system and the famous epic of Gilgamesh** (wheel ) **BABYLONIAN** - sundial (the earliest type of timekeeping device) , abacus(perform mathematical functions) , calendar (calendar based on the lunar phases) HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON **AKKADIANS / PHOENICIANS -** Glass Blowing **ASSYRIANS --** wooden locks **EGYPTIANS --** pyramid **CHINESE -** Paper Making , Compass **INDU -** stirrups ( for horse) , buttons **PERSIAN --** persian comb , carpet **LYDIAN-** coins **GREEK-** cranes , Body Armor , sculptures **ROMAN -** Body Armor , waterwheel , aqueducts(an important way to get water from one place to another.) **- \*\*Middle Ages\*\*: (5 th - 15 th century)** \- Technological advancements in agriculture, power sources, weapons, and transportation. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Middle Ages Nautical Tools\"\* \*Purpose\*: Highlights technological innovations in seafaring and navigation during the Middle Ages. **- \*\*Renaissance and Modern Era\*\*:** **- Key developments: printing press, scientific method, industrialization, and the rise of capitalism.** \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Gutenberg Printing Press\"\* \*Purpose\*: Marks the beginning of mass communication and the spread of knowledge. **- \*\*Industrial Revolution (18th--19th Century)\*\*:** \- Key changes: transportation, electricity, and improvements in manufacturing and communication. \- \*\*Image\*\*: \*\"Industrial Revolution Factory\"\* \*Purpose\*: Shows the transition from handmade goods to machine production, symbolizing industrial growth. **SA QUIZ TO SANG LAST\ \ Sumerians -- wheel** **Babylonians - sundial** **Akkadians - glass blowing** **Assyrians -- wooden lock** **Egyptians - pyramid** **Chinese - gun. gun powder** **Indus-stirrups , button** **Persian -- rug , comb** **Lydian-coins** **Greek-cranes , sculptures** **Roman - aqueducts** **Middle easterners -- algebra** **Hindus -- zero** **Phoenicians - alphabet** **Chinese -- printing press** POINTER MA GUWA SA EXAM DAW :\ \ \ To give you Pointers to study for the Prelim Exam, know the following (lightly or not taken up in class but will be asked): He is from the Middle East and wrote notable works used as standard medicine texts especially containing the contagious nature of infection. Who is he? **( Ibn Sina)** What is the medieval precursor of Chemistry?(**Alchemy)** What is the type of medication used to prevent muscle spasms?(**Antipasmodics)** He introduced Trigonometric Functions, tables and Algorithms of Algebra. Who is he? **(Al -- Kwarizmi)** What civilization is known for introducing the Postal system and the famous epic of Gilgamesh?**(Sumerians)** What era is characterized by the rise of mercantilism and capitalism**?(THE EARLY MODERN ERA , 15 th to 18 th centuries)** The Theory of Survival of the Fittest is also credited to Charles Darwin. What is it? **(NATURAL SELECTION)** He introduced the use of zero as a place holder and a decimal digit among the Hindu Arabic; he also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. Who is he?**(Brahmagupta)** What civilization used hollowed-out tree trunks for use in fishing and navitation?**(Polynesians)** PART 3\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ \ **SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM -** is like a set of rules or a way of thinking that people follow to understand or do something. (EX : **Albert Einstein** introduced the theory of **relativity**, which showed that Newton\'s laws don't fully explain motion at very high speeds) **PARADIGM SHIFTS** -- sudden leaps from one paradigm to another (EX: **OLD PARADIGM**: Physical Media CDs , DVDs, **PARADIGM SHIFT :** Platforms like **Spotify**, **Netflix**, and **YouTube** introduced digital streaming. **SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:** The Scientific Revolution was **a period when new ideas and experiments changed** **how people understood the natural world.** Happened between , (16 th to 18 th century) **(N , I , J , G , R , F , C , S )** **NICOLAS COPERNICUS** : **Copernican Revolution** : a paradigm shift of the worldview from "**geocentric"** (where **earth is the center of the universe**) to "**heliocentric"**(where the **sun is the center of the universe**). ISAAC NEWTON : **NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION** : **the law of universal gravitation\ **\ **-In simple terms, bigger objects (like the Earth) pull harder than smaller ones (like a person), and the closer two objects are, the stronger the pull between them. This is why we stay on the ground and why the Moon orbits the Earth!** -Marked the beginning of new science **JOHANNES KEPLER** **- 3 laws of planetary motion** 1\. \*\*First Law\*\*: Planets orbit the Sun in oval shapes (ellipses). 2\. \*\*Second Law\*\*: Planets move faster when they\'re closer to the Sun and slower when they\'re farther away. 3\. \*\*Third Law\*\*: The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer it takes to go around it. **GALILEO GALILEI -** physics , laws of gravity and motion , invented telescope and microscope **-MOST SUCCESSFUL SCIENTIST OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION** **RENE DESCARTES :** INVENTOR OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING , **one of the greatest mind of** **the scientific revolution** **FRANCIS BACON** -- formalized the concept of scientific method **CHARLES DARWIN --** theory of evolution **SIGMUND FREUD -** father of psychoanalysis , a method for treating mental illness , a theory that explain human behavior