READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MIDTERMS REVIWER (1).docx

**[READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MIDTERMS REVIWER]** **DMMMSU Philosophy, Vision, Mission, and Goal** **Philosophy** Total human development with appropriate competencies. **Vision** A globally competitive university. **Mission** Provides high quality instruction, research and extension. **...

**[READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MIDTERMS REVIWER]** **DMMMSU Philosophy, Vision, Mission, and Goal** **Philosophy** Total human development with appropriate competencies. **Vision** A globally competitive university. **Mission** Provides high quality instruction, research and extension. **Goal** To lead in transforming human resources into productive, selfreliant citizens and responsible leaders. **Meaning of History** - **Definition**: History is the study of life in society in the past, encompassing all aspects and their relation to present developments and future hopes. - **Purpose**: It aims to understand the present social, political, religious, and economic conditions by analyzing past events and their causes. **Relevance of History** - **Understanding the Present**: History helps explain current conditions and trace their development over time. - **CauseandEffect Relationships**: It presents the causeandeffect relationships between past and present events, helping to understand current issues at both national and international levels. - **Continuity and Change**: History is the analysis and interpretation of the human past, focusing on continuity and changes over time. **Methods and Evidence** - **Inquiry and Evidence**: Historians use various forms of evidence, including written documents, to examine, interpret, and reinterpret the past. - **Investigation and Imagination**: The study of history involves both investigation and imagination to explain how people and societies have changed over time. **Educational Value** - **Critical Thinking**: Studying history develops critical thinking skills by analyzing past events and their impacts. - **Cultural Understanding**: It fosters an understanding of different cultures and societies, promoting a more comprehensive view of the world. **Practical Applications** - **Informed Citizenship**: Knowledge of history is essential for informed citizenship, helping individuals understand the context of current policies and societal norms. - **Career Opportunities**: History graduates can pursue various career paths, including education, research, and roles in cultural and heritage organizations. **Primary Sources** - **Definition**: Primary sources are original records created by participants or observers at the time historical events occurred. They offer firsthand observations or eyewitness accounts. - **Characteristics**: These sources contain new information that has not been interpreted, paraphrased, or evaluated. - **Examples**: - Interviews - Letters written by historical figures - Essays by philosophers - Records and manuscripts **Secondary Sources** - **Definition**: Secondary sources are created later by someone who did not experience the events firsthand. They provide secondhand information that has been reworded, digested, interpreted, and analyzed. - **Characteristics**: These sources often put past information into historical context and are written well after the events they report on. - **Examples**: - Biographies - Newspaper editorials - Textbooks - Dictionaries and encyclopedias **Importance of Historical Sources** - **Research Tools**: Historians use primary and secondary sources to provide factual information and to understand historical phenomena. - **Classification**: The classification of sources depends on the historical subject being studied. Primary sources offer direct insight into the past, while secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources. **Practical Applications** - **Historical Accuracy**: Using primary sources helps researchers get as close as possible to what really happened during a particular period. - **Contextual Understanding**: Secondary sources help place primary sources in context, making it easier to understand the broader implications of historical events. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ***External criticism*** refers to the authenticity of the document. | | Once a document has been determined to be genuine (external | | criticism), researchers need to determine if the content is accurate | | (***internal criticism***). | | | | We conduct historical research for a number of reasons: | | | | - to avoid the mistakes of the past | | | | - to apply lessons from the past to current problems | | | | - to use the past to make predictions about the present and future | | | | - to understand present practices and policies in light of the past | | | | - to examine trends across time | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Martial Law in the Philippines** **Competing Claims:** - [**Government Justification**: Martial law was declared by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972, citing the need to suppress increasing civil unrest, communist insurgency, and the Muslim separatist movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Opposition View**: Critics argued that the declaration was a means for Marcos to extend his presidency beyond the constitutional limits and suppress political opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **Historical Panels and Decisions:** - **Proclamation No. 1081**: Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1081, placing the entire country under martial law. [This allowed him to rule by decree, bypassing the legislative and judicial branches of government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Lifting of Martial Law**: Martial law was officially lifted on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained significant powers and continued to rule under a modified form of authoritarianism until his ouster in 1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **Primary Sources and Interpretations:** - **Official Justifications**: Marcos cited threats from communist insurgents and Muslim separatists as primary reasons for declaring martial law. [He also pointed to increasing crime rates and civil disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Dissenting Perspectives**: Many historians and political analysts believe that the real motive behind martial law was to maintain Marcos' grip on power and eliminate his political rivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **Resolution and Current Status:** - [**People Power Revolution**: The martial law period ended with the People Power Revolution in February 1986, which led to the ousting of Marcos and the restoration of democracy under President Corazon Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Historical Assessment**: Martial law is now widely regarded as a dark period in Philippine history, marked by human rights abuses, suppression of free speech, and widespread corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **Highlights:** - [**Human Rights Abuses**: Thousands of political opponents, activists, and ordinary citizens were arrested, tortured, or disappeared during the martial law period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Economic Impact**: While some infrastructure projects were completed, the period also saw significant economic decline and increased foreign debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). - [**Media Suppression**: The media was heavily censored, and many newspapers, radio, and television stations were shut down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **Significance:** The declaration of martial law had a profound impact on the Philippines, shaping its political landscape and leaving a legacy of human rights abuses and economic challenges. [It serves as a reminder of the importance of safeguarding democratic institutions and civil liberties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines). **The Controversy First Mass site of the Philippines** 1. **Competing Claims**: - [**Limasawa**: The island of Limasawa in Southern Leyte has been officially recognized as the site of the first Mass since 1921](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). [This recognition was based on historical accounts and was reaffirmed by multiple panels of experts over the years](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). - [**Butuan**: Some historians and local advocates claimed that the first Mass was held in Butuan, specifically in Masao or Pinamanculan, both in the vicinity of Butuan City](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). This claim was based on different interpretations of historical documents and local traditions. 2. **Historical Panels and Decisions**: - Over the years, several panels were convened to settle the issue. [These included the 1980 Samuel Tan Workshop, the 1995 Justice Emilio Gancayco Panel, the 2008 Benito Legarda Panel, and the 2019 Resil Mojares Panel](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). All these panels concluded that Limasawa was the correct site. - [The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first Mass through a resolution in 2020](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). 3. **Primary Sources and Interpretations**: - [The controversy largely stemmed from different interpretations of primary sources, such as the accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of Magellan's expedition](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). Some argued that Pigafetta's descriptions matched Butuan, while others believed they pointed to Limasawa. 4. **Resolution and Current Status**: - [In 2020, the NHCP formally adopted the findings of the Mojares Panel, which confirmed Limasawa as the site of the first Mass](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). [This decision was supported by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and other historical bodies](http://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/). **Significance** The resolution of this controversy is significant as it clarifies an important part of Philippine history and ensures that the correct site is recognized and commemorated. The first Mass is a pivotal event marking the introduction of Christianity to the Philippines, which has had a profound impact on the country's culture and history. **Detailed Analysis of the Katipunan (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)** 1. **Origins and Ideological Foundations:** - **Formation:** The Katipunan was founded in 1892 by Andres Bonifacio as a revolutionary society aiming to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule. It arose from widespread discontent with Spanish oppression and socio-economic injustices. - **Ideology:** The organization promoted nationalism, social equality, and the idea of a sovereign Filipino identity. Its central tenets included the need for armed struggle against colonial authorities and the establishment of a free nation. 2. **Structure and Leadership:** - **Organizational Hierarchy:** The Katipunan operated through a structured hierarchy, with Bonifacio as its first leader. It had local chapters across Luzon, facilitating a grassroots mobilization of Filipinos. - **Role of Women:** The organization included women in its ranks, with figures like Gregoria de Jesus, who played crucial roles in supporting the revolutionary cause. 3. **Historical Context and Impact:** - **Spanish Colonial Rule:** The Katipunan emerged during a time of severe oppression, catalyzed by events like the execution of national hero Jose Rizal. The movement sought to inspire Filipinos to rise against colonialism. - **Philippine Revolution (1896):** The Katipunan\'s declaration of war against Spain in 1896 marked the start of the Philippine Revolution. This pivotal moment united various factions of Filipino society against a common enemy. 4. **Conflicts and Challenges:** - **Internal Strife:** The Katipunan faced challenges, including internal divisions and conflicts with rival factions, notably the Magdalo faction led by Emilio Aguinaldo. This rivalry eventually led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, which weakened the movement. - **Spanish Response:** The Spanish colonial government responded with brutal crackdowns, leading to significant casualties and the eventual capture of key Katipunan leaders. 5. **Legacy and Current Significance:** - **Foundation of Philippine Independence:** The Katipunan is often credited with laying the groundwork for Philippine independence, inspiring future generations to continue the struggle against colonization and oppression. - **Cultural Symbol:** Today, the Katipunan symbolizes Filipino nationalism and resistance. Its ideals continue to resonate in contemporary movements advocating for social justice, equality, and national identity. **Significance** The Katipunan\'s role in Philippine history is critical as it represents the fight for freedom and the establishment of a national identity. Understanding its legacy helps contextualize modern Filipino nationalism and ongoing struggles for equality and justice in the Philippines, reinforcing the importance of collective action in the face of oppression. **Detailed Analysis of the Retraction of Rizal** 1. **Origins and Context:** - **Background:** The Retraction was presented shortly before José Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896, amid increasing tension between the Spanish authorities and Filipino nationalists. - **Circumstances:** It arose from Rizal\'s imprisonment, where pressure from the Spanish government and the Church may have influenced his decision. 2. **Content and Claims:** - **Document Details:** The retraction document purportedly expressed Rizal\'s renunciation of his writings and beliefs, particularly concerning independence and his critiques of the Church. - **Authenticity Issues:** Scholars debate its authenticity, questioning whether Rizal signed it voluntarily or under duress. 3. **Historical Impact:** - **Response to Execution:** The retraction, if genuine, could be seen as an attempt to reconcile with the Spanish authorities and protect his family. - **Influence on Nationalism:** Regardless of its authenticity, the retraction continues to provoke discussions about Rizal\'s legacy and his ultimate commitment to Philippine independence. 4. **Conflicts and Controversies:** - **Scholarly Debate:** Historians are divided on its legitimacy, with some arguing it undermines Rizal's ideals, while others view it as a pragmatic choice in dire circumstances. - **National Identity:** The debate around the retraction reflects broader issues of national identity and the complexities of revolutionary figures. 5. **Legacy and Current Significance:** - **Symbol of Complexity:** The Retraction serves as a symbol of the moral dilemmas faced by national heroes, illustrating the tension between personal beliefs and political realities. - **Continued Relevance:** Discussions about the retraction resonate in contemporary Filipino discourse on nationalism, faith, and the quest for identity. **Significance** The Retraction of Rizal is crucial in understanding his legacy and the complexities of the Philippine struggle for independence. It encourages reflection on the nature of heroism and the sacrifices made for a nation\'s freedom. **The Women of Malolos** **Competing Claims:** - **Education for Women**: During the Spanish colonial period, education for women was not widely supported. [The traditional role of women was largely domestic, and formal education was primarily conducted by religious orders, often excluding women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). - **Petition for a Night School**: In 1888, a group of 20 young women from prominent Chinese-Filipino families in Malolos, Bulacan, petitioned Governor-General Valeriano Weyler to allow them to open a night school to learn Spanish. [This was a bold move that challenged the norms of the time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). **Historical Panels and Decisions:** - [**Initial Rejection**: The parish priest of Malolos initially rejected their petition, arguing that women should stay at home and take care of the family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). - [**Approval**: Despite the initial rejection, the women persisted, and their petition was eventually granted by Governor-General Weyler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). **Primary Sources and Interpretations:** - **Rizal's Letter**: José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, wrote a letter to the Women of Malolos, praising their bravery and encouraging them to continue their pursuit of knowledge. [This letter is a significant document in Philippine history, highlighting the early feminist movement in the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). **Resolution and Current Status:** - **Historical Recognition**: The Women of Malolos are now recognized as pioneers of women's education and empowerment in the Philippines. [Their successful petition is celebrated as a significant moment in the country's history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). **Significance:** The actions of the Women of Malolos are significant as they challenged traditional gender roles and advocated for women's education during a time when such pursuits were not widely supported. [Their bravery and determination have had a lasting impact on the country's culture and history, inspiring future generations to continue the fight for gender equality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Kababayang_Dalaga_ng_Malolos). **The Proclamation of Philippine Independence** **Competing Claims:** - **Spanish Colonial Rule**: The Philippines had been under Spanish colonial rule for over 300 years, with various uprisings and revolts occurring throughout this period. - [**Quest for Independence**: The desire for independence grew stronger in the late 19th century, culminating in the Philippine Revolution led by figures like Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Historical Panels and Decisions:** - **Declaration of Independence**: On June 12, 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain. [The declaration took place at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Kawit, Cavite](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). - [**Ratification**: The declaration was initially ratified on August 1, 1898, in Bacoor, Cavite, and officially by the Malolos Congress on September 29, 1898](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Primary Sources and Interpretations:** - **Act of the Declaration of Independence**: The Act was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. It was signed by 98 people, including a U.S. [Army officer who witnessed the proclamation](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Resolution and Current Status:** - [**Recognition**: The proclamation of independence is now a celebrated event in Philippine history, marking the country's assertion of sovereignty after centuries of colonial rule](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Highlights:** - [**Raising of the Flag**: The Philippine flag, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza, was unfurled for the first time](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). - [**National Anthem**: The Marcha Filipina Magdalo, now known as Lupang Hinirang, composed by Julián Felipe, was played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). - **Witnesses**: The event was witnessed by thousands of people, including a U.S. [Army officer, symbolizing international recognition](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Significance:** The proclamation of Philippine independence is a pivotal event in the country's history, symbolizing the end of Spanish colonial rule and the beginning of the Philippines' journey as a sovereign nation. [It has had a profound impact on the country's culture and national identity](https://philippinediaryproject.com/about-the-philippine-diary-project/about-the-diaries/about-antonio-pigafetta/). **Detailed Analysis of the Cry of Balintawak\ Origins and Context** - **Background**: Occurred on August 26, 1896, marking the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. - **Circumstances**: Spurred by growing discontent and the execution of revolutionary plans by groups like the Katipunan. **Content and Claims** - **Document Details**: Symbolizes the Filipinos' call for independence and collective uprising against oppression. - **Key Events**: The gathering of revolutionaries at Balintawak and the tearing of the cedula as an act of defiance. **Historical Impact** - **Response to Colonial Rule**: Catalyst for widespread revolt, uniting various sectors of society against Spanish colonialism. - **Influence on Nationalism**: Fostered a sense of national identity and pride among Filipinos. **Conflicts and Controversies** - **Revolutionary Tactics**: Debates on the effectiveness and morality of armed struggle versus peaceful reform. - **Unity Among Revolutionaries**: Challenges faced in uniting various factions under a common cause. **Legacy and Current Significance** - **Symbol of Resistance**: Represents the courage and determination of Filipinos to fight for freedom. - **Continued Relevance**: Inspires modern discussions on nationalism and the ongoing quest for justice and equality in the Philippines