Philippine History Midterms PDF

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Lesson Three: Before the Conquest o Dr. Armand Mijares (University of the Philippines) – Led the Philippine history writin...

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Lesson Three: Before the Conquest o Dr. Armand Mijares (University of the Philippines) – Led the Philippine history writing started during team of archaeologists in 2007. Spanish time when Ferdinand Magellan o They found a foot bone inside the landed in the Philippine archipelago in Callao Cave in Cagayan. the year 1521, followed by Filipinos like Uranium Series Dating – Method used Dr. Jose Rizal who annotated Antonio in determining the age of the bone which Morga’s Book “Sucessos de Las Islas was conducted in France. Filipinas” (Events of the Philippine Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) Islands) and Americans. – Oldest written documents in Philippine Before the Spaniards, there were history was found in Lumbang River in archaeological records of early Chinese the province of Laguna by a sand worker and some Muslim scholars narrating the and he sold it to National Museum. existence of civilization in the o According to the story, a Dutch archipelago. anthropologist named Anton Early Dwellers Postma translated the inscription. o The translation shows the Chief of Early Dwellers in the Philippine Archipelago: Tondo pardoned the debt of Tabon Man – The Tabon man skull cap Namwaran. was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox, an o The LCI names several places in American Anthropologist, in the Tabon the Philippines and Indonesia. cave in Palawan in 1962. o Discloses the influence of Hindu o This man lived on the early days culture in the Philippines before called Stone Age and inside the 900 AD (Anno Domini). cave. o Some believe that cultural contact o Also found evidence that these was more likely through Hindu early humans already knew how Empire in Indonesia or India. to make and use tools. o Proves that Manila was already o Experts said skeletal remains populated and civilized before the found in Tabon was not a Negrito. arrival of Muslims in the year Negrito 1100’s and 1200’s. o Henry Otley Beyer (Known o Indicated the interaction of the Anthropologist) – Introduced the early Filipinos to its neighboring “Theory of Migration” that the first Asian countries before Ferdinand Human who came to the Magellan. Philippine Archipelago through the Early Philippine Land Bridges were Negritos. o The Ancestors of the Aetas has The Early Philippine Society: many anthropologists and experts Early Filipinos started building their opposed and disproved this belief. communities along the mouth of the river Callao Man – Said to be 20,000 years or coastal areas. older than the Tabon Man. o They chose the place because of economic opportunities wherein Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS they access land and the water for o Early Barangay also sets their everyday routine life. qualification for their leader: Their community was a Barangay setup Age – The leader must be with 50 or 2000 people as residents. at around 30 years old and The Barangay – Originated from the above. story of the Ten Bornean Datus who were Physically Fit – Leader is believed to have sailed in the direction of expected to be physically the Philippines using their boat strong to lead the Barangay (balangay) to escape the cruelty of in maintaining peace and Sultan Makatunaw of Borneo, with their order and a protector from family and other people onboard. outside aggressors. o This story according to recent Inheritance – Based on studies revealed some bloodline relations of the irregularities because the story former Raja or Datu (first does not have any written born son, daughter, or an evidences, but only verbal or immediate relative). spoken historical account which Extent of Knowledge – became part of Filipino culture. Had enough knowledge about the customs and the Traditional Filipino Communities: traditions of Barangay. The Raja or Datu Ruled the Barangay Social Classes in the Barangay: – His duty is to look over to the people o Raja or Datu – The title of the and maintain peace within the community leader in the barangay during pre- and lead them if there are intruders who hispanic time. would like to conquer them. o Maharlika (The Noble People) – o After the historic Sandugo of Does not pay taxes in the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and community; they are relatives of Datu Sikatuna of Bohol, some the Datu or Raja. tribal leaders adopted the o Timawa (The Free Man) – Free symbolic ceremony and commoner preservation of friendship o Alipin: between the two tribes. Aliping Namamahay – o Arrange Marriage of Their Received a piece of land Children – Another way to solve from his master. the disputes of the two tribes or Alipin sa Gigilid – Single Barangay during the early days. men and women who This will give way to the worked to their master’s merging of the two former home. rival kingdoms and Pre-Colonial Dwellings becomes a larger, strong and more powerful tribe. The early Filipinos used caves for their How do the Early Barangay Choose housing using they learned to build Their Leader as Raja or Datu? houses outside using woods or bamboo and nipa leaves or cogon grass. Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Clothing as Ornaments Batikok-kok – Bamboo o According to Pigafetta’s drum. chronicles, native men and Kundiman, Kumintang, Ang women were barefoot, without Dalit/Imno/Oyayi/Hele upper clothing, only bahag for o Dance: men while women wear a piece of Dugso – From Bukidnon cloth wrapped around the waist. Salip – Kalinga South o They always wear necklaces and Cotabato armlets. Early Religion o Early natives did not have religion, but they call their god as Bathala or Maycapal in Mountain Province o Islam – Already present in the archipelago by 1380, way before the Spaniard’s arrival. Superstitious Beliefs o Aswang o Kapre o Dwende o Tiyanak o Tikbalang Early Philippine Writing o Baybayin/Alibata – Pre-Hispanic writing system in the archipelago; from Kawi (Javanese in Indonesia) or Sanskrit in India. Economy During Pre-Hispanic Time o Archeological artifacts suggests that early Filipinos are already engaged in trading. o Rice Planting, Hunting, and Fishing. o Barte Trading is already practiced; Chinese traders were in the archipelago. Music and Dance o Music: Kudyapi – 2-stringed boat- shaped guitar. Kalaleng – Flute blown by the nose. Gangsa – Flat gong. Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Lesson Two: Philippine History o “At 12 degrees North they came upon the Ladrones Islands. A few Conflicting Views days later they saw the island of Various historical accounts that exists in Ibabao (Samar) in this archipelago order to explain and expound the but the first island they touched at complexities of the past. was Humunu, a small uninhabited Historians – Create their narrative Island near Guiuan Point.” through a survey and analysis of primary o “To that and other islets they gave sources available in the archives, the name Buenes Senas (Good libraries, or the antique collections of Omens) but to the entire document enthusiasts. archipelago they gave the name o The output can be a wide range of San Lazaro being the Saturday of accounts that explain a nation’s Satin Lazarus’ Sunday in Lent of history. the year 1521.” o There are events and accounts in o “On Easter Day, in the territory of our history that present conflicting Butuan, the first mass ever offered views by our historians. in these parts was celebrated and a cross planted. Magellan then Site of the First Mass in the Philippines – took formal possession of the There was a controversy where the first mass islands in the name of the was held when Ferdinand Magellan reached our Emperor and of the crown of archipelago in Masao (Now: Butuan) or Castille.” Limasawa (Now: Leyte). o “Thee man who gave the most Masao (Butuan) – During 17th century, signal service to our men was the two Jesuit historians accounted chief of Dimasawa, relative of the Magellan’s voyage in the Philippines. chief of Butuan and of that of Father Francisco Collins (1592-1660) – Zebu, wither he leads the Armada, His work Labor Evangelica, published in which entered the harbor at noon 1663, recounted the events when on the 7th of April, the Octave of Magellan first landed on the local shore. Easter.” o The work was published 240 Collins seemed familiar and precise with years later in three volumes with the accounts of Magellan’s voyage and annotations of Father Pastells in for his narration of Magellan’s landing in Madrid (1903). Homonhon Island which they spelled The account of Collins regarding the Humunu as also written in Pigafetta’s arrival of Magellan and the First Mass: Chronicle. o “At the end of 3 month and 12 Father Francisco Combes (1620-1665) days during which they traverse – His book History of Mindanao was also 4,000 leagues (22,200km), having printed and published in Madrid (1667). crossed the equator a second o He and Collins both lived and time, they climbed up to 15 worked as missionaries here in degrees North latitude where they the Philippines. came upon two islands which they named Las Velas (The Sails).” Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS o Combe’s work was edited by According to this account, Combes Wenceslao Retana and Father explained that Magellan landed in Butuan Pastells. and he put the cross in a solemn Account of Magellan’s Voyage ceremony, but he did not mention about (Combe’s version): the first mass held. o “The first time that the royal Two contradicting versions of the Two Jesuit standards of the faith were seen to historians: fly in this island (Mindanao) was then the archipelago was first Combes – Magellan went first to discovered by the Admiral Alonzo Limasaua then to Butuan and went back de Magallanes.” to Limasaua before sailing to Cebu. o “He followed a new and difficult Collins – Magellan went first to Butuan route (across the Pacific), entering then to Limasaua before sailing to Cebu. the Strait of Siargao, formed by o Among the arguments presented the island and that of Leyte, and by many historians on the early landing at the island of Limasawa days, many believe that the which is the entrance of the strait.” Limasaua opinion has been o “Amazed by the novelty and generally accepted since then. strangeness of the Spanish Nation o Today, there are still groups who and the ships, the barbarians of are determined to manifest the that island welcomed them and authenticity of Butuan as the site gave them good refreshments.” where the first mass held. o “While at Limasaua, enjoying rest and good treatment, they heard of Evidence that shows Limasaua as the the river Butuan, whose chieftain place where the first mass was held: was more powerful. His reputation Albo’s Log Book – Albo was part of attracted out men tither to see for Magellan expedition. He was the pilot themselves or be disillusioned, (Contra Maestre) in Magellan’s flagship their curiosity sharpened by the (Trinidad). fact that the place was nearby.” o He was among thee 18 survivors o “The barbarian’s chief lived up to of the expedition who returned to our men’s expectations providing Spain with Sebastian Elcano on with the food they needed. the ship Victoria. Magellan contented himself with o Albo kept his own log book during having them do reverence to the their voyage. cross which is erected upon a Pigafetta’s (Antonio Pigafetta) Hillock as a sign to future Chronicle – The official chronicler of generations of their alliance.” Ferdinand Magellan, he recorded The solemnity with which the cross was everything he observed during their created and the deep piety shown by the voyages. Spaniards, and the natives following the o They used Pigafetta’s records as: examples of the Spaniards, engendered Pigafetta’s testimony great respect for the cross. regarding the route Pigafetta’s drawn map Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS The two native kings as was earlier and was thought as a big stated in Pigafetta’s conspiracy among educated leaders, chronicle mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, The seven day stay in the residents of Manila and Cavite and the place called Mazaua. native clergy. Summary of Albo and Insinuated that the conspirators of Manila Pigafetta testimony and Cavite planned to liquidate high- Confirmatory evidence ranking Spanish officers to be followed by from Legaspi expedition the massacre of the friars. In relation to this issue a law was passed According to them, on the day of January in Congress, even though it is still under 20, 1872, Sampaloc Manila celebrated debate, Republic Act 2733 declares the feast of the Virgin of Loreto as a Limasawa Island in the province of Leyte tradition. They celebrated the occasion as the place where the first mass in the with usual fireworks displays Philippines was held. Apparently, those in Cavite misidentified the fireworks as the sign for the attack, Independence Day (June 12, 1898) – A very and just like what was agreed upon, the important event for all Filipinos, on this day, the 200 men contingent headed by Sergeant entire Filipino nation as well as Filipino La Madrid launched an attack targeting communities all over the world gather to Spanish officers at sight and seized the celebrate the Philippines Independence Day. arsenal in Fort San Felipe. 1898 – Came to be a very significant year for all When the news reached Gov. Gen. of us. Izquierdo, he ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to 1896 – Philippine Revolution broke out owing to suppress the revolt. the Filipino’s desire to be free from the abuses of the Spanish colony regime. The “revolution” was easily crushed when the anticipated support from Manila Two Major Events in 1872: did not come ashore. Main leaders including Sergeant La Cavite Mutiny Madrid were killed in the battle, while the Martyrdom of the Three Filipino GOMBURZA were tried by a court- Priests – Father Mariano Gomes, Father martial and were condemned to die by Jose Burgos, and Father Jacinto Zamora strangling (garote). (GOMBURZA). Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, o Execution of GOMBURZA – Led Antonio Ma. Rigodor, Jose and Pio Basa to a tragic yet meaningful part of and other abogadillos were suspended our history. It is a major factor in by the Audiencia (high court) from the awakening of Nationalism among practice of law, arrested and were the Filipinos. sentenced with life imprisonment at the Spanish Viewpoint of the Mutiny: Marianas Island. Furthermore, Gov. Gen. Izquierdo Jose Montero Vidal (Prolific Spanish dissolved the native regiments of artillery Historian) and Governor General Rafael and ordered the formation of artillery Izquierdo deemed that the event of 1872 force to be composed exclusively of Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Peninsulares (Spanish-born to take over the Spanish government in Spaniards/Mainland Spaniard residing in Philippines. newly colonized countries). During the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to Filipino Viewpoint of the Mutiny: remove the friars of all the powers of A Filipino scholar and researcher, Dr. involvement in matters of civil Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, wrote the government and the course and Filipino version of the incident in Cavite. organization of educational institutions. From his point of view, the event was an This gathering off events believed by ordinary mutiny by the native Filipino Tavera, urged friars to do something soldiers and laborers of the Cavite severe in their awful aspiration to arsenal who turned out to be frustrated maintain power in the Philippines. with the end of their privileges. Ultimately, Tavera pointed Gov. Izquierdo responsible for cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members of the arsenal and the exclusion of the creation of school of arts and trades for Filipinos, which the general believed to be a cover- up for the organization of a political club. On January 20, 1872, headed by Sergeant La Madrid, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborer of the arsenal, the resident of Cavite, rose in arms and killed the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The rebels were expecting support from the majority of the army but, unfortunately, it did not happen. This report of mutiny reached the authorities in Manila and Gov. Gen. Izquierdo instantly ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared restrained. Tavera at the time believed that the Spanish friars and Gov. Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful control by amplifying it as full-blown conspiracy concerning not only the native army but also involved residents of Cavite and Manila, and essentially the native clergy Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS Lesson One: Philippine History of those events and patriotism and heroism of those early Filipinos. What is History? Felipe Landa Jocano (Anthropologist) – History – A continuous and systematic narrative Disputed Henry Otley Beyer regarding Filipinos of past events as relating to a particular people, who descended from Negritos and Malays country, period, person, etc. through Beyer’s Migration Theory. Usually written as a chronological According to him, “It is difficult to prove account. that the first inhabitants of the country Chronicle of records. were Negritos”. It studies the past and the legacies of the past in the present. Teodoro A. Agoncillo (Historian) – Quoted the Taken with a multiple approach, it can saying “there is a great similarity between legal explain a lot as you look under different evidence and historical evidence.” compass such as Psychology, Political The only difference lies in the fact that in Science, Sociology, and Economics. legal evidence it is the judge who Importance: determines whether the account of a witness is acceptable or not. It allows us to know and appreciate our past, which in turn allows understanding “The historian is a prosecuting attorney and our present and the present will be our defense attorney and the judge rolled all into foundation for the future. one, he is the narrator and interpreter.” Provides a vision into our cultures of Big part of how history is explained origin as well as cultures with which we depends greatly on how historians plot might be less familiar. and narrate the historical facts. Increases our cross-cultural awareness and understanding of things we do not The Birth of Philippine History know from our past. H.O Beyer’s Migration Theory – The history of Studying our own history is a gateway to the Philippines is believed to have taken off with know who we are through our past. the arrival of the first humans using rafts or Gives us ideas why we call ourselves boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 Filipinos and why do we need to stand by discovery of Callao Man suggested. it. Serves as a guide for us in dealing with Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and the present times and in preparing for our more groups later migrated to the islands future. like the story of the Ten Bornean Datus. The written record of the Philippine Prominent Filipinos Islands started with the coming of the Renato Constantino (Nationalist) – Supposed Spaniards. that out Philippine History is a story of struggle. o Not because they had no history, culture and literature before but We need to reevaluate some of our story many believed that Spaniards from the past to capture a clearer picture destroyed the earlier records as completely as possible. Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna  APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT BSCS |FIRST SEMESTER |MIDTERMS The same scenario happened when the o Presentation of the topics in Philippines was under the American and textbooks, at times, no longer fit Japanese colonization. the interest of the students. o Many pre-colonial records were o The pedagogy of the teaching lost and were no longer Philippine History must help retrievable. students become critical thinkers Much of what is known about pre- rather than being just passive Spanish days is still insufficient. There is recipient of lessons. still much to be uncovered. o Others said that some of our recovered records came from other countries which were in touch with the islands. Murillo-Velarde Map – A hydrographical chart of the Philippine Island drawn by Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila in the year 1734. o The first and believed to be the most important map of the Philippines. o The map contains captions. o Our country that time was a vital part of Spain and it illustrates the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to those colony of Spanish Empire in the New World. o Shows a great interest from the geographic point of view and as an ethnographic document. Problems in Studying Philippine History Why do most students nowadays lack interest in studying our Philippine History? o Some teachers do not dig deeper in the discussion of Philippine History to hopefully trigger enthusiasm of students about our history. o Lack of training and seminar to opportunities for both teachers and students learning together about Philippine History. Lakeisha Miomee Louise Z. De Luna