Reading and Writing Reviewer PDF

**READING AND WRITING** **THIRD QUARTER** **LESSON 1: DESCRIBING WRITTEN TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE** **Linguistic -** scientific study of language and its structure, including analyzing language form, meaning, and context. **Language** - a complex structure built up of smaller units that are...

**READING AND WRITING** **THIRD QUARTER** **LESSON 1: DESCRIBING WRITTEN TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE** **Linguistic -** scientific study of language and its structure, including analyzing language form, meaning, and context. **Language** - a complex structure built up of smaller units that are connected. **Text** - could be anything that represents information or a message in written, spoken or visual form. **Discourse** - communication that expresses ideas, information, or meaning through writing or spoken words. **Types of Discourse** 1\) **Written discourse**: pieces of writing such as essays, blog posts, and books. 2\) **Spoken Discourse**: Revealed using speech, e.g. presentations, vlogs and oral reports. 3\) **Civil discourse**: Words, spoken or written that include at least two participants who engage with one another on equal ground. **Four types of Written Discourse** **1. Description -** aims to appeal to the senses. - **2. Narration -** presented through storytelling. - 3\. **Exposition** - type of discourse used to inform - 4\. **Argumentatio**n - convey a set of beliefs with which the reader is likely to agree rather than just inform. - **Purpose of Discourse** - - - **Factors to Consider to Ensure Effective Communication of Message:** 1. 2. 3. informal, authoritative, conversational, or emotional, 4. - 5. 6. 7. - 8. - 9. - **LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT:** **SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION** **BRAINSTORMING -** writing down specific topics gathered from different sources. **Five Brainstorming Strategies** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **GRAPHIC ORGANIZER -** visual symbols that express thought ideas, knowledge concepts, and the relationships between them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **TOPIC OUTLINE -** organizes materials hierarchically and sequentially by classifying the main topics, subtopics, and supporting details. **Topic Outline** - uses phrases only, there are no sentences. **Sentence outline** - provides more in -- depth information, written in complete sentence. **LESSON 3: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT:** **ORGANIZATION, COHERENCE AND COHESION, LANGUAGE USE** **A. ORGANIZATION -** arrangement and structure of ideas, information, and arguments within a piece of writing. **Organizational Patterns** **1. Chronological Order:** Information is presented in the order of time, allowing readers to follow a timeline or a sequence of Events. **COHERENCE** -- means the connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity. - **COHESION** -- refers to connectivity in a text. - - **Cohesive Devices** - words or phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring to what you have previously written or said.(also called as transitional words) **LANGUAGE USE -** choose the appropriate language to be used and to regard the objective of the writing, the context in which it was written and the target audience in min**d.** **There are five major issues with appropriate language that should be avoided in an effective and well** **written text, as identified by (Purdue Online Writing Lab 2020)**: 1\. First, the **formality of the language** one uses should depend on how formal the situation is 2\. Second, **jargon** or specialized language used by groups of individuals in the same field, should only be used if the target readers belong to the same group. 3\. Third, slang and idioms should be avoided. **Slangs** are words, phrases, or expressions that do not literally mean what they express (like "frenemy" to describe someone who is both a friend and an enemy) **Idioms** or expressions whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual word it contains (like "to kill two birds at one stone", which means to get twothings done with a single action.) 4\. **Euphemisms** or words that veil the truth shall also be avoided. "virtually challenged" for someone who is short; "passed away" instead of died, 5\. Avoid using any biased language **LESSON 5: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT: DEFINITION, EXEMPLIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, NARRATION, COMPARISON AND** **CONTRAST, CAUSE AND EFFECT, PROBLEM-SOLUTION AND PERSUASION** **PATTERNS of DEVELOPMENT** It is the logical arrangement of ideas. Helps to follow the idea easily and understand a text better. Uses 'signal words' to determine the patterns of development. **1. Definition -** to understand new terms or concepts, - **2. Exemplification -** It provides a series of examples - **3. Description -** Rich descriptive words that put picture of a person, place or an object in the reader\'s mind. ** Sensory --** ideas are arranged based on the five senses. ** Spatial --** ideas are arranged by location or physical space. **4. NARRATION-** telling a story or recounting a series of events. **Forms of Narration** 1. 2. **-** how something is done. **5. COMPARISON and CONTRAST -** compares two subjects and discusses how they are alike and lists a few examples. **Two ways to write comparison and contrast** 1. 2. **6. CAUSE and EFFECT -** The cause is a reason for, or events leading. And the effect is the result of a cause or causes. **7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION -** problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions. c\. Solution Paragraph(s) d\. Conclusion **8. PERSUASION -** to convince the reader that your opinion on an issue or subject is the right one. - **Methods of Persuasion** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **LESSON 5: CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT** **Claim -** is what the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations and other types of evidences - - **Explicit Information** - - - - - - - **Implicit Information** - - - - **EXPLICIT** **IMPLICIT** ------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maria was so mad at her mom for grounding her. Maria glared at her mother, quickly spun on her heels and slammed the door so hard that the neighbors probably heard. "His eyes are blue" "His eyes reflect the color of the sky on the sunny day." "It was kind of windy and the grass was green." "The grass shook slightly in the mild breeze, a sighing carpet of green." **Explici**t is something expressed or readily observable, while **Implicit** is something implied or indirect that you have to infer to understand. **CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT** **Claim -** According to Heady (2013) "Claims are the points you want to prove, interpretations you want to offer,and assertions you want to make" \- A claim is an opinion , idea, or assertion. - - **Types of Claims** **1. Claim of Fact -** makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual evidence. - Examples ; "Cancer is a common disease but it is not contagious." Research studies are conducted to improve the human condition. **2. Claim of Value -** argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing. - - - - Examples: - - - **3. Claims of Policy -** argues that certain conditions should exist, - - - Examples: 1\. Fetal issues **should** be banned in any research undertaking. 2\. The government **should** continue to offer scholarship programs especially to the poor but bright students. 3\. Gender equality **needs** to be strengthened in the academe.