Reading and Writing Skills 11 – SBTG (ABM) Midterm Reviewer PDF

READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - Verbal interchange of ideas and information...

READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - Verbal interchange of ideas and information - Unity, meaning, and purpose Topic Outline: Text as a Connected Discourse Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information Text Outline - Content set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message. Patterns of Development - Made of signs and symbols systematized by grammar and organized in a logical language. Text as a Connected Discourse Demonstrate Cohesion Linguistics - The use of linguistics - Is the scientific study of human language - Sound, signs, organization of words, sentences, and meaning. Types of Discourse 1.) Expository Discourse (inform) Linguistics: Language Structure - It is a form of discourse that is based on facts and data and is usually objective in Language: A complex structure built up of smaller units connected to each other. nature. Structure Above Sentence: Discourses, Texts - It has an aim, to inform - To run about - Often used in essays, research papers, and other academic writing - Conversation Discourse 2.) Descriptive Discourse (describe) - Dis: apart - Uses language to create a vivid mental image of the topic being described - Currere: to run - Subjective - Larger than sentences - Often used to paint a picture - Holds more meaning than a sentences - Listing type - It is the language in use - How social realities affect language use 3.) Narrative Discourse (stories) - Context dependent - Chronological manner - The way in which stories are told Discourse: Language “in use” - Often used to tell stories, convey information, and create a sense of purpose Content - Experiences attitudes beliefs feelings practices 4.) Argumentative Discourse - Language form – Speech or text (Discourse) - Involves making a claim and providing evidence to support it. - It is used to present evidence-based arguments in a logical and convincing. Discourse: Sentence – SUBJECT + PREDICATE Common Features of Connected Discourse 1.) Grammar 1.) Assimilation (changeable) 2.) Syntax (order of words in a sentence) - This occurs when a sound becomes more similar to a nearby sound for ease of 3.) Semantics (meaning) pronunciation. 4.) Pragmatics (How context contributes to meaning) - Common in fast, casual speech 5.) Discourse markers (words and phrases that signal the relationship between sentences Ex. or part of sentences) - Good boy: “gub boy” 6.) Coherence (Discourse) and Cohesion (Sentence) - Did you: “dij you” 7.) Inference and Implicature 2.) Catenation (“linking”) - Thinking and spoken discourse are the same thing. - This occurs when the final sound of one word links to the initial sound of the next - Written, verbal, and visual word. - Reading and speaking are forms of discourse. J.M.C.E. | 1 READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - Referred to as “linking” - This diagram uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar attributes. 3.) Elision (omit) - This occurs when a sound usually a vowel or a weak consonant is omitted from a 2.) Network Tree word or phrase in fast speech. - This is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. - It is useful in showing relationship of scientific categories, family trees, and even 4.) Intrusion (adding) lineages. - This occurs when an extra sound is inserted between two words to make the transition smoother. Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information Brainstorming - It helps people establish pattern of ideas, develop new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge and overcome mental block. - It is a pre-writing activity used to help stimulate ideas after choosing a topic. - Purpose: is to come as with as many ideas as possible about the chosen topic. - Brains storming can be done individually or by group. 3.) Spider/Semantic Map - The goal of brainstorming is to generate many ideas quickly, and “out-of-the box” - This is used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea. thinking can be encouraged. - The central idea is on the center of the map and the main ideas are placed along its - diagonal lines, while details of the main ideas are placed on the sides of the diagonals. Methods of Brainstorming A. Idea List - Creating an idea list simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic. - It also helps you find the main idea and supporting details from the numerous listed ideas. B. Idea Map/Clustering - Visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another. - More structured C. Free Writing - It allows the author to write, in paragraph form, without constrictions of grammar, 4.) Problem-Solution Map spelling, or transitions. - This is used to display the nature of the problem and how it can be solved. - The writer must write what is on their mind, without interruption, for a prescribed - Usually contains the problem description, its causes and effects, and logical solutions. amount of time. After figuring out the purpose of your topic, you can use graphic organizers to help you organize your ideas Graphic Organizers - Graphic organizers are visual representations of concepts that help you structure information into organizational patterns. 5.) Timeline - Purpose: Through the use of graphic organizers, you can focus your attention on key - This is used to show the chronological order of events through a long bar labeled with elements and help you integrate new knowledge into your current knowledge. dates and specific events. - Timelines can be linear or comparative. 1.) Venn Diagram - This is used to compare and contrast ideas and events. J.M.C.E. | 2 READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer 6.) Plot Diagram - This is used to map events in a story, making it easier to analyze the major parts of the plot. - The major parts of the plot diagram are the: a. Exposition, b. Inciting moment, c. 10.) Persuasion Map Rising action, d. Climax, e. Falling Action, f. Resolution - This is used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint. - This map is especially useful when processing persuasive or argumentative texts. Outline - “Blueprint” of the paper - skeletal framework of a piece of writing (Sebastian, 2013) - Organization pattern of the paper (Miranda-Plate, 2008) Kinds of Outline According to Structure A. Topic Outline - a systematic list of topics and subtopics written in words or fragments. 7.) Series of Events Chain - This is used to show the logical sequence of events. 8.) Fishbone Map - This is used to better understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon. - It shows the factors that cause a specific event or problem, as well as details of each cause. B. Sentence Outline - both the heading and the subheading are written in sentences. 9.) Cycle - This is used to describe how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly. C. Alphanumeric Outline - Standard format J.M.C.E. | 3 READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - It involves placing your ideas in a specific order by assigning each section either a 2.) Coordination Roman numeral, a letter, or an Arabic numeral, depending on its placement in the - Observe level of importance paper and its level of specificity. - Involves grouping related or equally important ideas together Wrong: I. Preparing a Budget A. Using a Spreadsheet B. Mobile Apps for Budgeting Correct: D. Decimal Outline I. Preparing a Budget - written using decimals to note each heading and subheading. A. Tracking Expenses 1. Using a spreadsheet 2. Mobile apps for budgeting 3.) Subordination - Observe differences of importance - Involves organizing information in a way that demonstrates the relationship between Principle in Writing an Effective Outline major and minor ideas. Incorrect: I. Researching the topic II. How to organize information Wrong: III. Draft writing Correct: I. Researching the topic II. Organizing the information III. Writing the draft 1.) Parallelism - Observe the use of consistent grammatical structure and formatting for elements at Correct: the same level of importance. Wrong: I. Major Topic A A. Subtopic 1 1. Supporting detail 2. Additional detail 3. Major Topic A Correct: 4.) Division I. Benefits of Exercise - entries should have at least two parts A. Physical Health - always provide main ideas with adequate supporting points B. Mental Health II. Types of Exercise Patterns of Development in Writing A. Cardio Patterns of Development B. Strength Training - patterns on how to write a paragraph - how you present your ideas in a chronological pattern J.M.C.E. | 4 READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - organization and structure - lack meaning - ex: 4 in 1 1.) Compare and Contrast - finding similarities and identifying differences c. Transfer - uses Venn diagram - associate a. Separately - exploits existing feelings - one item first followed by a second item - ex: political dynasty, pou - one at a time b. Side-by-side d. Testimonial - both items based on each point of comparison - lend credibility - alternate - from famous people -compare (also, like) - focus on similarities - ex: right med commercial, susan roces -contrast (although, unlike) - two ideas differ e. Plain folks 2.) Cause and Effect - ordinary people - cause: reason, “because”, “do to” - portray their ideas - effect: result, “as a result”, “consequently” - sense of relatability and trustworthiness - fishbone map - ex: Mark Villar campaign video - 2.1 single cause, multiple effect - 2.2 single effect, multiple cause f. Card Stacking - 2.3 multiple cause, multiple effect - selective omission - 2.4 alternating cause and effect in a chain (domino effect-series of events chain) - one-side or biased perspective - vague words 3.) Persuasion - ex: lucky me commercial doesn't mention it's bad benefits - persuasion text - contains: issue, position, supporting evidences g. Bandwagon - evidence lends to a logical conclusion - Norms - 4 persuasive appeals: logos (logic), pathos (emotions), ethos (credibility), kairos - Follow suit to avoid being left out (timeliness and call for action) - Conform to group norms Propaganda Devices: - techniques used to manipulate or influence people's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors in 4.) Problem-Solution a particular direction - author tries to convince the reader to change their opinion or behavior - goal: for them to agree - problem solution map - beyond a paragraph a. Name Calling - but, first, - labelling - demonize approach Patterns of Development - stereotyping - how an academic paper is put together from paragraph to paragraph so that the thesis - ex: rexona commercial, liza soberano and evidence for it are presented in a way that makes sense and is easy to follow. 1. Definition b. Glittering Generalities - Tells the reader what term or concept is being defined - appealing words - Commonly, this pattern of development is often used in sciences, humanities, and - gaslighting business - evoke positive emotions - To inform J.M.C.E. | 5 READING AND WRITING SKILLS 11 – SBTG (ABM) Ms. Mary Ann Mangahas | Midterm Reviewer - What does it mean? - Signal words: is defined, as defined as, refers to, means, to define, to illustrate 2. Narration - To narrate, to tell a story - A way to tell a story by putting events in a logical order. - It tells what happened or describes a chain of events that led to a conclusion or end. - It is used to convey experiences, entertain, or make a point through a cohesive narrative. - What happened? - When did it happen? - Where did it happen? - Signal words: time order, transitions for flashbacks or foreshadowing, dialogue indicators 3. Description - A paragraph that employs description seeks to convey to the reader the image of a person, an object, a place, or scenario through the use of words. - To describe, to create vivid picture - Factual or personal opinion a. Objective - The focus is on the thing being described, not on the writer’s feelings, thoughts, or personal reactions to it. b. Subjective - Shows how a writer feels about the subject and uses more descriptive and richer language than objective description. 4. Classification - It is a writing technique that organizes items into categories based on shared characteristics. - Classification takes one large concept and divides it into individual pieces. - Prone to stereotyping a. Superordinate – name of the larger group b. Subordinate – subcategories of superordinate 5. Exemplification - Example - Examples are often used in a wide range of situations - The writer explains the main idea by giving a long example or a series of examples that are each very specific. - A way to show or explain what the rest or whole of something is like. - Makes abstract or general ideas more concrete and relatable. - Signal words: for example, for instance, such as, specifically, etc. J.M.C.E. | 6