Reading and Writing Prelims PDF

TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE sentences when given meaning How language is in use Structurally cohesive How soci...

TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE sentences when given meaning How language is in use Structurally cohesive How social realities affect Relies on context and language use connection to be interpreted TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING & ORGANIZING INFORMATION ➔​ Essential for clear communication ➔​ Techniques help structure ideas logically and efficiently LANGUAGE - complex structure built up of smaller units BRAINSTORMING connected to each other ​ Act of coming up with ideas ​ There are structures above the sentence because they are ​ Listing a main topic and ideas about it made by combining sentences together ​ Involves selection process of ideas WORD STORM DISCOURSE AS LANGUAGE ABOVE THE SENTENCE: ​ Best used when starting to come up with ideas about a DISCOURSE - a unit larger than sentences and has a structural main topic pattern that holds more meaning than a sentence ​ To make a word storm, write down the first word that you can ​ Ex: sequence of sentences, conversation bet. People think of when you see the main topic DISCOURSE AS LANGUAGE IN USE: When dealing with a discourse, content and form should always be interpreted together (CONTENT = what is it about, FORM = how was it said) TEXT - made of signs and symbols systematized by grammar and organized in logical language to properly present the message ​ Usually written, but can be anything that is documented IDEA MAP - An organized visual representation that helps clearly TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE: add, sort, and connect ideas TEXT - physical manifestation of discourse (process of interaction and interpretation of language in a context) DISCOURSE - language part of a TEXT - linguistic object that is social science made up of discourses How language becomes a bigger Structured to convey complex IDEA LIST - List containing ideas about a certain topic and direct unit or structure in a string of information way to find and record your ideas.  ​ Write the main topic then list down your ideas as they come ​ TOPIC OUTLINE - Uses keywords or key phrases instead of complete sentences. List of ideas arranged in a specific order. ​ SENTENCE OUTLINE - Has the same function as a topic outline. Quite more specific because it already states the main idea and the supporting ideas in full sentences GRAPHIC ORGANIZER - Uses visual symbols that expresses thoughts, ideas, concepts, etc. Often done before writing ​ BASIC OUTLINE - uses letters, numbers, and roman numerals PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT - manner or technique in which we express our thoughts and ideas in writing ​ NARRATION - telling a story; series of events in chronological order; tells the reader what happened at what ​ VENN DIAGRAM - compare and contrast time and where ​ TOPICAL ORGANIZER - uses lines and rectangles ​ DESCRIPTION - gives details – an explanation or an account of a person, place, time, event, etc.; helps readers experience and understand what we are writing about; paragraphs that emphasize description are most common in works of fiction as a mean of establishing the time and setting  ​ DEFINITION - used when we want to explain a new idea, framework of a written text. thought or concept and present readers with the meaning and explanation ​ EXEMPLIFICATION or CLASSIFICATION - giving SEQUENCE - type of organizational pattern which follows an order examples or specific instances in order to support a claim based on time, procedure, or spatial. (EXEMPLIFICATION); (CLASSIFICATION) breaking down a ​ CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - organized according to a topic into smaller groups or categories to help readers understand the text timeline or sequence of events. ​ COMPARISON and CONTRAST - shows how similar ○​ Personal Narrative/Non-Fiction - Memoirs, something is to others (COMPARISON); shows how Autobiographies, Biographies, Essays different something is from others (CONTRAST) ○​ Fiction - Short stories, Novels, Poems, Fables ​ CAUSE and EFFECT - show why an event is happening ​ PROCEDURAL ORDER - according to a step by step and what happens after it in relation to others procedure that describes a particular process. ​ PROBLEM-SOLUTION - presents a problem that needs ○​ Recipes, How to essays, Instructions to be resolved ​ PERSUASION - convince our readers that what we are ​ SPATIAL PATTERN - based on the location of a topic in saying is true space. Describing a scene, places, or a person/people, ○​ CLAIMS - statements that present an argument Geography ○​ A diagram or chart is often helpful in writing with a PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT spatial pattern of organization. DESCRIPTION - provides details and examples about a topic or USES OF WRITING: topics. Using concept maps are helpful in preparing outlines and Communication: Sharing thoughts, ideas, and information with texts following this organizational pattern. others. ​ TOPICAL PATTERN - organized starting from a larger main Education: Learning and demonstrating knowledge in academic topic down to various subtopics. settings. ​ CLIMATIC ORDER - by placing the second most important Preservation: Recording history, stories, and information for future topic in the beginning and placing the most important generations. topic at the end of a text. Known as the psychological order. Expression: Reflecting on personal experiences and emotions (e.g., ​ GENETIC-TO-SPECIFIC ORDER OR VICE VERSA - starts journaling or creative writing). by describing a general topic, then moving down to Influence: Persuading others through arguments, opinions, or describing specific examples of the general topic. advocacy. ​ SIMPLEST-TO-MOST-COMPLEX - starts by describing Professional Tasks: Preparing documents, emails, or reports in the simple terms which are essential in understanding a more workplace. complex one. This style is good for describing a ORGANIZATION - logical A clear organization of ideas help complicated topic. arrangement of thoughts and readers to understand what the ideas in a written text. Structural text is trying to say.  ​ MOST-FAMILIAR-TO-LESS-FAMILIAR - starts by MECHANICS - established Mechanics help to make writing describing familiar terms and concepts to help introduce conventions in writing for a easier to read and understand. concepts which are less familiar to readers. particular genre or field of study. CAUSE AND EFFECT - illustrates casual relationships between Technical part of a written text. events. Informative essays, Research papers PROBLEM AND SOLUTION - divides information into two main CAPITALIZATION - proper nouns and first words of a sentence sections: the problem and the solution. Discuss the situation of the must be capitalized. problem, the cause of the problem, the effects of the problem, before COMMA RULES - commas are used to separate words, clauses, proceeding in discussing the solution proposed. and sentences to show the relationship of words clearly. (items in a ​ Most commonly used in persuasive writing. list, transition words, names, parts of a date or address) COMPARE AND CONTRAST - explains the difference and CONJUNCTIONS - used to connect words and sentences. (for, similarities of two or more objects, events, or arguments. and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so, if, then, since, because, while, as, till, ​ Using Venn diagrams, compare/contrast organizers, data where, both, either, or etc.) matrices are helpful in preparing written texts following this "Is it true," she asked, "that the Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, after pattern. hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean?" ​ Persuasive speech, Research, Exposition papers, Position BASIC COMMA RULES papers, Reflection papers In Lists - use commas to separate items in a list. The advantage-disadvantage pattern is another version of it ​ I bought apples, bananas, oranges, and grapes. wherein it divides a topic according to the pro’s and con’s of a topic. Before Coordinating Conjunctions - When connecting two Effective if trying to write objectively, which does not need to take a independent clauses. stand about a topic. ​ I wanted to join the club, but I had no time. After Introductory Words/Phrases - After the meeting, we went to ORGANIZATION - logical arrangement of thoughts and ideas in a lunch written text. With Nonessential Clauses - Use commas to set off nonessential SEQUENCE - DESCRIP CAUSE PROBLEM COMPARE (extra) information. based on time, TION - AND AND AND ​ My sister, who lives in New York, is visiting next week. procedure, or details and EFFECT - SOLUTIO CONTRAST - spatial examples illustrates N - two difference and about a causal main similarities of APOSTROPHE - can be used in contractions (can’t, isn’t) in numerals topic or relationshi sections: two or more (‘66, ‘90s), in showing possession, (Jack’s bag), and in forming plurals topics ps the objects, events, (P’s, Ph.D.’s). between problem or arguments. events and the QUOTATION MARKS - show a quote, chapters, and headings of a solution section, emphasis, around single letters, and dialogues. ACRONYMS - words formed from the initials or major parts of the whole phrase. (ROM, CPU, GUI) ABBREVIATIONS - shortened version of a word or phrase. PARAGRAPHING - act of combining sentences that revolve around the same topic or idea; the basic rule here is to start a new paragraph when one introduces a new idea. A good paragraph is usually composed of 5-7 sentences. HOMONYMS - words with similar sounds but different meanings. (your, you’re) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT - important to show readers the fundamental quantities of an object. (meter, kilogram, seconds, ampere, etc.) MECHANICS - established conventions in writing for a particular genre or field of study.