Reading and Writing Reviewer PDF

READING AND WRITING THIRD QUARTER LESSON 1: DESCRIBING WRITTEN TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE Linguistic - scientific study of language and its structure, including analyzing language form, meaning, and context. Language - a complex structure built up of smaller units that are connected. Text - could...

READING AND WRITING THIRD QUARTER LESSON 1: DESCRIBING WRITTEN TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE Linguistic - scientific study of language and its structure, including analyzing language form, meaning, and context. Language - a complex structure built up of smaller units that are connected. Text - could be anything that represents information or a message in written, spoken or visual form. Discourse - communication that expresses ideas, information, or meaning through writing or spoken words. Types of Discourse 1) Written discourse: pieces of writing such as essays, blog posts, and books. 2) Spoken Discourse: Revealed using speech, e.g. presentations, vlogs and oral reports. 3) Civil discourse: Words, spoken or written that include at least two participants who engage with one another on equal ground. Four types of Written Discourse 1. Description - aims to appeal to the senses. -​ use imagery to help the reader visualize a scene or object 2. Narration - presented through storytelling. -​ biographies, histories, and news reports. 3. Exposition - type of discourse used to inform -​ comprises scientific and academic journals, essays, manuals, and explanations of detailed, complex information. 4. Argumentation - convey a set of beliefs with which the reader is likely to agree rather than just inform. -​ It deals directly with the reader's logos - based on logic that convincingly lays out why the author’s position is right. Purpose of Discourse -​ To inform -​ To persuade -​ To entertain Factors to Consider to Ensure Effective Communication of Message:  1.​ Purpose - intent - informing, persuading, entertaining, or describing 2.​ Audience - audience’s knowledge level, interests, beliefs, and values. 3.​ Tone - sets the overall mood of your writing - Whether formal, informal, authoritative, conversational, or emotional, 4.​ Structure/Organization - a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. -​ Use headings, subheadings, transitions, and paragraphs to guide the reader through your ideas cohesively. 5.​ Clarity - using concise language, avoiding jargon or complex terms when unnecessary, 6.​ Evidence and Support - relevant evidence, examples, data, and references to strengthen your points and enhance credibility. 7.​ Cohesion and Flow - discourse flows smoothly from one point to another. -​ Use transitional words and phrases to connect ideas 8.​ Style and Language - consistent writing style that aligns with the purpose and audience of your discourse. -​ grammar, punctuation, vocabulary choices, and sentence structure 9.​ Revision and Editing - Review your writing for clarity, coherence, accuracy, and effectiveness. -​ Edit for grammar and spelling errors, LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION BRAINSTORMING - writing down specific topics gathered from different sources. Five Brainstorming Strategies 1.​ Cubing - writing down specific topics gathered from different sources. 2.​ Free writing - may first set a time limit, and several words or pages then write and write. 3.​ Listing - List topics then, make a sub-list of things you could write about each topic. 4.​ Mapping - A graphic form of the listing (webbing/clustering) 5.​ Researching- journalistic method, use the “big six” questions GRAPHIC ORGANIZER - visual symbols that express thought ideas, knowledge concepts, and the relationships between them. 1.​ Venn Diagram - similarities and differences between two or more items 2.​ Spider Map - word map, effective tool for brainstorming and organizing ideas. 3.​ Fishbone Map - Cause-and-Effect diagram,  4.​ Sequence Chart - visualize the order of steps of a process or a timeline of events, 5.​ Problem – Solution/ Problem – solving organizer - students identify and evaluate solutions to problems. 6.​ Hierarchy - visualize the elements of a system, organization or concept from its highest position to the lowest. TOPIC OUTLINE - organizes materials hierarchically and sequentially by classifying the main topics, subtopics, and supporting details. Topic Outline - uses phrases only, there are no sentences. Sentence outline - provides more in – depth information, written in complete sentence. LESSON 3: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: ORGANIZATION, COHERENCE AND COHESION, LANGUAGE USE A. ORGANIZATION - arrangement and structure of ideas, information, and arguments within a piece of writing. ​ Organizational Patterns ​ ​ 1. Chronological Order: Information is presented in the order of time, allowing readers to follow a timeline or a sequence of Events. 2. Spatial Order: Ideas or details are arranged based on physical location or spatial relationships. 3. Cause and Effect: The writer explores the relationship between causes and their subsequent effects or Consequences. 4. Compare and Contrast: Similarities and differences between two or more subjects or ideas are examined. 5. Problem-Solution: A problem or issue is presented, followed by potential solutions or strategies to address it. 6. General to Specific or Specific to General: Information starts with a broad overview and gradually narrows down to specific details or vice versa. COHERENCE – means the connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity.  -​ To achieve coherence, every good paragraph must have UNITY or oneness of idea. Sentences in paragraphs are unified and directed by a topic sentence. COHESION – refers to connectivity in a text. -​ It also refers to the connection of ideas both at the sentence level and the paragraph level. -​ It pays attention to links between words and sentences. Cohesive Devices - words or phrases that serve the purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring to what you have previously written or said.(also called as transitional words) LANGUAGE USE - choose the appropriate language to be used and to regard the objective of the writing, the context in which it was written and the target audience in mind. There are five major issues with appropriate language that should be avoided in an effective and well written text, as identified by (Purdue Online Writing Lab 2020): 1. First, the formality of the language one uses should depend on how formal the situation is 2. Second, jargon or specialized language used by groups of individuals in the same field, should only be used if the target readers belong to the same group. 3. Third, slang and idioms should be avoided. ​ Slangs are words, phrases, or expressions that do not literally mean what they express (like “frenemy” to describe someone who is both a friend and an enemy) ​ Idioms or expressions whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual word it contains (like “to kill two birds at one stone”, which means to get twothings done with a single action.) 4. Euphemisms or words that veil the truth shall also be avoided. ​ “virtually challenged” for someone who is short; ​ “passed away” instead of died, 5. Avoid using any biased language LESSON 5: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT: DEFINITION, EXEMPLIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, NARRATION, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST, CAUSE AND EFFECT, PROBLEM-SOLUTION AND PERSUASION PATTERNS of DEVELOPMENT ​ It is the logical arrangement of ideas. Helps to follow the idea easily and understand a text better. Uses ‘signal words’ to determine the patterns of development. 1. Definition - to understand new terms or concepts, -​ to come to a new understanding of terms they may be familiar with.. 2. Exemplification - It provides a series of examples -​ turns a general idea into a concrete one ​ 3. Description - Rich descriptive words that put picture of a person, place or an object in the reader's mind. ​ Sensory – ideas are arranged based on the five senses. Spatial – ideas are arranged by location or physical space. 4. NARRATION- telling a story or recounting a series of events. ​ Forms of Narration 1.​ Chronology (Narration of Event) – It tells about an event in time. It should include a beginning,a middle, and an end. 2.​ Sequence (Narration of Process) – It tell the steps in a how-to. ​ ​ ​ - how something is done. ​ 5. COMPARISON and CONTRAST - compares two subjects and discusses how they are alike and lists a few examples.  Two ways to write comparison and contrast 1.​ Point by point - writing back and forth between the two subjects is done. First, talk about topic A, then, talk about topic B; then right back to topic A, and so on. 2.​ blocked paragraph - only discusses one topic and then finishes the paragraph with the other subject that is to be compared or contrasted with the first. 6. CAUSE and EFFECT - The cause is a reason for, or events leading. And the effect is the result of a cause or causes. 7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION - problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions. Organizing a Problem-Solution Essay a. Introduction b. Problem Paragraph(s) ​ c. Solution Paragraph(s) ​ d. Conclusion 8. PERSUASION - to convince the reader that your opinion on an issue or subject is the right one. -​ Consider what kind of evidence this audience would respond to. ​ Methods of Persuasion 1.​ Facts 2.​ Referring to authority 3.​ Examples 4.​ Predicting Consequences 5.​ Answering oppositions LESSON 5: CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT Claim - is what the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations and other types of evidences -​ It is synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand -​ According to (Tiongson, 2016-2021), a good claim should be argumentative and debatable, specific and focused, interesting and engaging, and logical. Explicit Information -​ It is any idea that is stated.​ -​ The explicit information is written in the text. -​ There is no need to look for clues; just read. -​ No room for confusion since it is expressed clearly. -​ It is something stated directly and fully. -​ Common used in academic writings such as stories, narratives, essays, business letters, research papers, etc. -​ Primary meaning - uses actual words, which are easy to understand without any ambiguity. Implicit Information -​ It is understood but not stated.Implicit information is not written, but the idea is there. -​ It is suggested by the choice of words, the tone of voice, and other factors. -​ Used in poetry and other literary works tend to communicate their meaning or themes in an indirect method -​ Secondary Meaning - needs to interrogate the phrase so that he or she can realize the secondary meaning of the sentence that is usually hidden. EXPLICIT IMPLICIT Maria was so mad at her mom for Maria glared at her mother, quickly spun grounding her. on her heels and slammed the door so hard that the neighbors probably heard. “His eyes are blue” “His eyes reflect the color of the sky on the sunny day.” “It was kind of windy and the grass was “The grass shook slightly in the mild green.” breeze, a sighing carpet of green.” Explicit is something expressed or readily observable, while Implicit is something implied or indirect that you have to infer to understand. CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT (FACT, VALUE AND POLICY CLAIM) Claim - According to Heady (2013) “Claims are the points you want to prove, interpretations you want to offer,and assertions you want to make” - A claim is an opinion , idea, or assertion. -​ a statement that presents an idea or series of ideas as arguments. -​ Types of Claims 1. Claim of Fact - makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual evidence. -​ Provide factual evidence Examples ; “Cancer is a common disease but it is not contagious.” Research studies are conducted to improve the human condition. 2. Claim of Value - argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing. -​ Assert the judgment of some -​ keywords that are a matter of judgment rather than fact: good, well, kind, useful, desirable. -​ Provide reasoning for the judgment -​ A claim is based on things we like or dislike, Examples: -​ 1. Musical comedy is the best form of entertainment. -​ 2. Staying with the family with a limited income is more valuable than being away earning a lot. -​ 3. Maru is the most handsome among the contestants. 3. Claims of Policy - argues that certain conditions should exist, -​ something should or should not be done, in order to solve a problem. -​ Look for keywords “should” and “ought”. -​ Consequences or results if you take actions or fail to act. Examples: 1. Fetal issues should be banned in any research undertaking. 2. The government should continue to offer scholarship programs especially to the poor but bright students. 3. Gender equality needs to be strengthened in the academe.