PSY 459 Final Exam Review Topics PDF

PSY 459 Final Exam Review Topics To prepare yourself for the final exam, I recommend locating and reviewing the following topics in notes/slides and the text. ONLY the following topics will be on the final exam: Chapter 1: 1. Biopsychosocial model - Biological: physical changes, genetics...

PSY 459 Final Exam Review Topics To prepare yourself for the final exam, I recommend locating and reviewing the following topics in notes/slides and the text. ONLY the following topics will be on the final exam: Chapter 1: 1. Biopsychosocial model - Biological: physical changes, genetics - Sociocultural: social context, history, culture - Psychological: cognition, personality, emotions 2. 4 principles of adult development and aging - Changes are continuous over the life span - Only the survivors grow old - Individuality matters - Normal aging is different from disease 3. Divisions of the over-65 population - Young old: 65-74 - Old-old: 75-84 - Oldest-old: 85 plus - Centenarians: 100+ and 110+ (super) Chapter 2: 1. Activity Theory: well-being depends on remaining active 2. Ageism – Terror Management Theory vs. Modernization Hypothesis - Terror management theory: fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults - Modernization hypothesis: older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies 3. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development - 0-1-1/2 years: trust vs. mistrust, reliance on others - 1-1/2-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt, independence - 3-6 years: initiative vs. guilt, self-expression - 6-12 years: industry vs. inferiority, work ethic - 12-21 years: identity vs. identify diffusion, sense of self - 21-30 years: intimacy vs. isolation, close relationships - 30-65 years: generativity vs. stagnation, care for younger generation - 65 and older: ego integrity vs. despair, mortality and acceptance 4. Replicative Senescence and The Telomere Theory of Aging - Replicative senescence: the loss of the ability of cells to reproduce - The telomere theory of aging proposes that with each cellular replication the telomeres shorten until they are no longer present to protect the ends of the chromosomes Chapter 3: 1. Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional design, attrition & selective attrition - Longitudinal study: participants in one cohort are observed at different ages, which also represent different times of measurement - Cross-sectional design: different cohorts are measured at a single point in time - Attrition: subjects drop out of study or become unreachable - Selective attrition: the people who drop out not necessarily representative of the original sample, which skews subsequent testing 2. Most efficient design - Each type of study involves combining different factors of age, cohort, and time of measurement 3. Types of research methods - Laboratory studies - Qualitative studies - Archival research surveys - Epidemiological studies - Case reports - Focus groups - Daily diaries - Observational methods - Meta-analysis Chapter 12: 1. Nursing homes vs. residential care facilities vs. Aging in Place - Nursing homes: skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities - Residential care facilities: board and care homes, assisted living facilities, group home, adult foster home - Aging in place: adjust home so it is safe to remain in the home and grow older, usually adjust o Move items to easy reach o Put grab bars on shower o Improve lighting o Lower water heater temperature o Open space between rooms o Remove tripping hazards o Stay connected o Reduce fire hazards 2. Hypertension - Persistently elevated pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries. This increased pressure can lead to health problems over time, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease 3. Medicare: Parts A-D - A: hospital insurance - B: medical insurance  - C: Medicare advantage plans - D: prescription drug benefits 4. SSA & NHRA Chapter 4: 1. Age changes in the skin (ch04 slide 5) - Fewer active hair follicles - Fewer melanocytes - Reduced sebaceous and sweat gland activity - Thinning of epidermis - Loss of elasticity and flexibility in connective tissue - Loss of subcutaneous fat 2. Dental health behaviors and mortality (ch04 slide 10) - Never brushing at night: increased risk 20-35% compared with brushing everyday - Never flossing: increased risk 30% compared with flossing everyday - Not seeing a dentist within the last 12 months: increased risk 30-50% compared with seeing a dentist two or more times - Mortality also increased with increasing number of missing teeth - Oral health behaviors help maintain natural, healthy and functional teeth but also appear to promote survival in older adults 3. Sarcopenia - Changes with age in muscle mass occur gradually throughout adulthood - 8% loss per decade 40-70 - 15% loss per decade 70+ - Bone mass peaks in early adulthood for men and women, declining more abruptly for women after menopause 4. Fall prevention strategies - Exercise, eyeglasses, prosthetic aid, shower chair or bath bench, sit while grooming, have sturdy stepstools if needed in kitchen, keep the cell phone handy, stability training Chapter 5: 1. ADLs and IADLs - ADLs (activities of daily living): eating, bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting - IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living): use the telephone, go shopping, prepare meals, complete housekeeping tasks, do the laundry, use private or public transportation, take medications, handle finances 2. Lifestyle risk factors for 5 major chronic diseases - Risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity - Chronic disease: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung disease 3. Vascular system: Atherosclerosis and stroke  - Atherosclerosis: as plaque builds up in the arteries of a person with heart disease, the inside of the arteries begins to narrow, which lessens or blocks the flow of blood - Coronary artery disease: caused by the atherosclerosis - Stroke: A stroke is caused by a disruption of blood flow to the brain, either due to a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). 4. Metabolic syndrome - Term used to characterize people who show 3 of the 5 risk factors: - High blood sugar - Low HDL (“good”) cholesterol - High triglycerides - Excess fat around waist Chapter 6: 1. Processing speed and aging, 2 theories - General slowing hypothesis: general decline in information, processing speed leads to increased RT (response time) - Age-complexity hypothesis: performance grows poorer as tasks become more complex 2. Driving safety for older adults - Exercise to increase strength and flexibility - Avoid drug-drug interactions - Vision tests - Drive during daylight and good weather - Find safest routes (well-lit streets, arrows at lights, easy parking) - Plan route before driving - Leave enough room in front - Avoid distractions (including food) - Consider alternatives to driving 3. Memory – abilities that decline and remain stable with aging - Abilities that decline: episodic memory, source memory, false memory, retrieval, prospective memory - Abilities that are stable: semantic memory, flashbulb memory, implicit memory, procedural memory Chapter 7: 1. Communication predicament Model - explains how age-related stereotypes can lead to patronizing communication with older adults, which may result in reduced social interactions and negative impacts on their self-esteem and independence 2. Executive function components (Ch 07 Part 2 slides) - Self monitoring - Inhibition  - Shift - Emotional control - Initiation - Working memory - Planning/organizing - Task monitoring 3. Problem-solving in later life - Less effective analytic strategies - Better heuristics - Older adults can reach solutions more quickly, may not consider alternative solutions, memory declines can contribute to PS difficulties Chapter 8: 1. Psychodynamic Theory - Ego psychology: ego plays a central role in behavior - Theory of defense mechanisms: changes in defense mechanisms over adulthood - Adult attachment theory: early relationships set stage for later development of self and relationships 2. Vaillant’s Theory of Defense Mechanisms - Immature: projection, passive aggression, acting out - Intermediate: displacement, repression, reaction formation - Mature: sublimation, suppression, anticipation, altruism, humor 3. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory - When people develop sense of time running out, they’re more likely to focus on the emotional rewards of relationships than the informational rewards - They prefer to spend time with the people they are closest to in their lives Chapter 9: 1. Effect of widowhood on mortality - The widowhood effect: greater probability of death in those who’ve become widowed, compared to those who are married 2. Divorce proneness 3. Intergenerational solidarity model - Normative: commitment to family obligations - Affectional: emotionally connected - Consensual: agreement in values, lifestyle - Obligatory: relationship fulfils expectation - Structural: availability Chapter 11: 1. Age difference in depressive symptoms (Ch 11 slides Part 1, slide 7)  - Young adult: dysphoria, lack of energy, appetite changes, loss of interest, difficulty concentrating, difficulty remembering, difficulty making decisions, thoughts of death and suicide, sleep changes/difficulties - Older adult: dysphoria may not be evident, aches, pains, weight loss, mood changes may present as crying outbursts or irritability, social withdrawal, may still be present with any of the standard depressive symptoms 2. Anxiety disorders in older adults - Generalized anxiety disorder (3.1%) - Panic disorder (3.8%) - Agoraphobia (4.9%) - Specific phobia (animal phobia 3.5%) - Social anxiety disorder (1.3%) 3. Personality disorders in older adults - Antisocial personality disorder: typically, adolescence-limited, there is also life course persistent variety, many die early (poor health habits), those who still live retain the psychopathy factor - Borderline personality disorder - Narcissistic personality disorder - Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder 4. Elder abuse - 5 categories: physical, psychological, financial, neglect, sexual - Common elder abuse scams: lottery, grandparent, romance, internal revenue service imposter, tech support, securities, health care - Signs of elder abuse: depression, confusion, withdrawn behavior, isolation from friends and family, unexplained injuries (bruises, burns, or scars), having bed sores, changes in banking or spending patterns Chapter 13: 1. Signs of imminent death (anorexia-cachexia syndrome) - Being asleep most of the time - Being disoriented - Breathing irregularly - Having visual and auditory hallucinations - Diminished vision - Producing less urine - Having mottled skin, cool hands and feet, an overly warm trunk - Excessive secretions of body fluid - Anorexia-cachexia syndrome: loss of appetite (anorexia) and muscle mass (cachexia) 2. Death ethos - Key indicators of a society’s death ethos: funeral rituals, treatment of the dying, representation in the arts, belief in the afterlife and ghosts, social conversations regarding talk of death and dying 3. Dual Process Model of Bereavement  - Everyday life experience oscillates between loss-oriented and restoration- oriented - Loss-oriented: doing grief work, experiencing intrusion of grief, breaking bonds and ties; relocating, denying/avoiding restoration changes - Restoration-oriented: attending to life changes, doing new things, seeking distraction from grief, denying and avoiding grief, taking on new roles, identities and relationships Grief Counseling Guide: 4. Worden’s 4 Tasks of Mourning Chapter 14: 1. Active aging (WHO world report) - Health and social services - Behavioral determinants - Personal determinants - Physical environments - Social determinants - Economic determinants 2. Brain characteristics associated with superagers - Supportive social relationships - Improved network connectivity - “super-aging” genotype - Faster encoding - Greater density of white matter - Greater brain plasticity - Greater cortical thickness 3. Paradox of well-being - Older adults have developed strong social skills so can handle more - Older adults are more optimistic since they had lower expectations when growing up - Older adults are survivors whose natural optimism has helped them stay alive 4. Creativity – “old age style” and relationship to generativity - Creative individuals who produce more works have a higher likelihood of producing one or more of high quality - Negative features: more pessimistic view of life, Sense of isolation, Choice of tragic themes, Feeling of imminent departure - Positive features: more expressive, less realistic, accumulation of symbolism, more freedom in use of paint strokes, richer in meaning