Human Development Key Terms - Fall 2024 PDF

**Human Development** **Key Terms For Second Exam** **Fall 2024** **Dynamic integration** = the view that adolescent physical, cognitive, and social changes interact **Gonadotrophic hormones** **Secular trend** = tendency of the mean age of menarche to go down **Concrete operations** -- 7-11 y...

**Human Development** **Key Terms For Second Exam** **Fall 2024** **Dynamic integration** = the view that adolescent physical, cognitive, and social changes interact **Gonadotrophic hormones** **Secular trend** = tendency of the mean age of menarche to go down **Concrete operations** -- 7-11 years of age **Decentration** = ability to focus on more than one dimension of a problem at once **Formal Operations** -- 11 - adulthood **Hypothetical deductive reasoning** = ability to manipulate one variable while holding others constant **Limitations of Piaget's theory** **Imaginary audience** = the tendency to think everyone else is looking at you **Personal fable** = the view that one is special and invulnerable **Identity** = the sense of sameness with one's previous experiences and a conscious attempt to make the future a part of one's personal life plan **Genital stage** (puberty -- adulthood) -- procreation becomes a dominant drive **Individuation** = the process by which the child forms a unique identity, apart from parents **Industry vs inferiority** (5 - 13 yrs) = conflict between becoming productive vs feeling inferior **Identity vs confusion** (13 -- 19 yrs) = conflict between defining oneself and not knowing oneself James Marcia's four identity statuses (**diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achieved**) **Reference group** = the group one compares oneself to (standard) **Early adulthood** = 19-39 years **Emerging adulthood** (19-28 years) = the period between adolescence and early adulthood Myelination completes between 26-28 years old **Labouvie-Vief's theory of Post-formal thought** (Reflective, Relativistic, Contextual, Provisional, Realistic, Acknowledge emotions) Peak in raw scores on IQ tests between 25-34 years old **Intimacy vs isolation** (19-39 years) = conflict between sharing and self-absorption **Parental investment theory** = sex differences in mate selection are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child rearing **Marriage gradient** = tendency of women to marry men with higher SES than them **Social role theory** = sex differences in mate selection are adaptations to learned gender roles **Homogamy** = tendency to prefer a partner like oneself **Presbyopia** = farsightedness **Macular degeneration** = loss of visual receptors **Presbycusis** = trouble distinguishing high pitched sounds Psychological consequences of sensory loss Reduced working memory capacity starting at about 45 years of age **Generativity vs stagnation** (40-59 years of age) = the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation **Dominant generation** = the generation that is in power **Sandwich generation** = the age group that is responsible for caring for their children and parents **Empty nest syndrome** = feelings of unhappiness by parents following their children's departure from the home **Boomerang children** = adults who move in with their parents Effects of test anxiety **Terminal drop** = large decrease in IQ scores preceding death **Seattle Longitudinal Study** (K. Warner Schaie) = largest study of adult cognitive development Main result revealed that each mental ability changes differently **Reserve capacity** = ability to engage in activities above and beyond normal daily activities **Life span** = the maximum number of years an individual can live (120-125 years) **Life expectancy** = the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year **Postural hypotension** = disorder in which the blood is slow to reach the brain after a change in posture, resulting in dizziness and possible fainting **Geromarasmus** = emaciation that accompanies extreme old age **Chronic disorders** = disorders that have a slow onset and a long duration **Integrity vs despair** = conflict between knowing one has lived a productive life and fear of death **Differentiation vs role preoccupation** = the task posed to older adults of redefining their worth in terms of something other than the work roles **Body transcendence vs body preoccupation** = the need of older adults to accept physical decline as natural and ok **Vital relationship** = a close relationship in which each spouse supports the other **Disengagement theory** = older adults are happiest when they retire from social activities **Activity theory** = older adults are happiest when they continue to participate **Socioemotional selectivity theory** = older adults become more selective about their social Interactions **Death** = the permanent cessation of all vital functions **Terminal illness** = a deadly illness from which the patient has no reasonable hope of ever recovering Kubler-Ross' **Stages of Dying** (Denial and isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance) **Scheduled loss** = the passing away of someone whose death was normal or expected **Unscheduled loss** = the passing away of someone whose death was not normal or expected **Regressive intervention** = tendency of health care providers to withhold resources from the dying = tendency to prefer treating young and healthy versus old and dying