Development and Aging Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes cross-sectional design?

  • Participants drop out selectively from the study.
  • Participants are observed at different ages over time.
  • A single group is measured at multiple time points.
  • Different cohorts are measured at a single point in time. (correct)

    • Attrition refers to subjects dropping out of a study or becoming unreachable.

    True

    What is selective attrition?

    Selective attrition occurs when the subjects who drop out are not representative of the original sample.

    The _____ facilities provide both skilled nursing care and intermediate care for patients.

    <p>nursing homes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Medicare Parts with their descriptions:

    <p>Part A = Hospital insurance Part B = Medical insurance Part C = Medicare advantage plans Part D = Prescription drug benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of research mentioned?

    <p>Survey statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension can lead to health problems over time, including heart disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two modifications that can be made for Aging in Place.

    <ol> <li>Improve lighting, 2. Remove tripping hazards.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increased risk of mortality for individuals who never floss compared to those who floss every day?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeing a dentist two or more times in a year is associated with a reduced risk of mortality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ADLs and give two examples?

    <p>Activities of daily living; examples include eating and bathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the general slowing hypothesis suggest regarding aging?

    <p>There is a general decline in information processing speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The age-complexity hypothesis states that performance remains stable with increasing task complexity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people age, there is typically an average loss of muscle mass of ____% per decade from ages 40 to 70.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the chronic disease with its associated lifestyle risk factor:

    <p>Cardiovascular disease = Tobacco use Cancer = Unhealthy diet Diabetes = Obesity Chronic lung disease = Alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two abilities that decline with aging.

    <p>Episodic memory, retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)?

    <p>Bathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ can impact driving safety for older adults.

    <p>Vision tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the biopsychosocial model address?

    <p>Combination of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcopenia results in an increased muscle mass as individuals age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following executive function components with their descriptions:

    <p>Self monitoring = Evaluating one's own performance Inhibition = Controlling impulses Working memory = Holding and manipulating information Planning/organizing = Setting goals and outlining steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism is considered mature?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metabolic syndrome characterized by?

    <p>People show three of the following five risk factors: high blood sugar, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, excess fat around the waist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal aging is the same as aging due to disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four principles of adult development and aging?

    <p>Changes are continuous over the life span, only the survivors grow old, individuality matters, normal aging is different from disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The communication predicament model suggests that age-related stereotypes can enhance social interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The population group aged 100 and older is referred to as __________.

    <p>centenarians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do older adults typically rely on for problem-solving?

    <p>Heuristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Activity Theory, well-being in older adults depends on:

    <p>Remaining active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the age range with Erikson's psychosocial stage:

    <p>0-1.5 years = Trust vs. Mistrust 1.5-3 years = Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 6-12 years = Industry vs. Inferiority 65 and older = Ego Integrity vs. Despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Terror Management Theory states that fear of mortality increases closeness to older adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does replicative senescence refer to?

    <p>The loss of the ability of cells to reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the widowhood effect?

    <p>Greater probability of death in widowed individuals compared to married individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults typically exhibit more evident dysphoria compared to younger adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one category of elder abuse.

    <p>Physical, psychological, financial, neglect, or sexual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, individuals focus on _______ rewards of relationships as they perceive time running out.

    <p>emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anxiety disorders with their respective prevalence rates among older adults:

    <p>Generalized anxiety disorder = 3.1% Panic disorder = 3.8% Agoraphobia = 4.9% Social anxiety disorder = 1.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one sign of elder abuse?

    <p>Withdrawn behavior and isolation from friends and family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Younger adults are more likely to experience somatic symptoms of depression compared to older adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one aspect of the intergenerational solidarity model?

    <p>Commitment to family obligations, emotional connection, agreement in values, relationship expectations, or availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of imminent death?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dual Process Model of Bereavement emphasizes the importance of avoiding thoughts about the deceased.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key indicators of a society’s death ethos?

    <p>Funeral rituals, treatment of the dying, representation in the arts, belief in the afterlife and ghosts, social conversations regarding talk of death and dying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The syndrome characterized by loss of appetite and muscle mass is known as __________.

    <p>anorexia-cachexia syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their description:

    <p>Being disoriented = A state of confusion often seen in impending death Cool hands and feet = Skin changes indicating reduced circulation Greater brain plasticity = Ability of the brain to adapt and change Death ethos = Cultural understanding and practices surrounding death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with superagers?

    <p>Improved network connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults tend to have higher expectations due to their life experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of Worden's 4 Tasks of Mourning.

    <p>Accepting the reality of the loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1

    • Biopsychosocial model combines biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors to understand development and aging
      • Biological factors include physical changes and genetics
      • Sociocultural factors include social context, history, and culture
      • Psychological factors include cognition, personality, and emotions
    • Four principles of adult development and aging
      • Development is continuous across the lifespan
      • Only those who survive to older age experience aging
      • Individual experiences of aging differ
      • Normal aging is distinct from disease-related processes

    Chapter 1

    • Divisions of the over-65 population
      • Young-old (65-74)
      • Old-old (75-84)
      • Oldest-old (85+)
      • Centenarians (100+) and supercentenarians (110+)

    Chapter 1

    • Activity Theory: well-being depends on remaining active
    • Ageism and societal attitudes towards older adults (e.g., Terror Management Theory, Modernization Hypothesis)
    • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development across stages of adulthood
      • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1.5 years)
      • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1.5-3 years)
      • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
      • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
      • Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-21 years)
      • Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-30 years)
      • Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-65 years)
      • Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
    • Replicative Senescence and Telomere Theory of Aging
      • The loss of cellular replication ability
      • Telomeres shorten with each replication eventually not protecting the ends of chromosomes

    Chapter 3

    • Research designs for studying aging:
      • Longitudinal
      • Cross-sectional
      • Methods combining age, cohort, and time of measurement
      • e.g., laboratory, observational qualitative, and archival studies.
    • Attrition and selective attrition in research
    • Efficiency in research methodology
      • Combine factors (e.g., age, cohort, and time).

    Chapter 12

    • Residential care facilities (e.g., nursing homes, assisted living, versus aging in place)
    • Adjustments for aging in place in the home (adaptations).
    • Hypertension
    • Medicare Parts A-D benefits.

    Chapter 4

    • Age-related skin changes:
      • Reduced hair follicles and glands
      • Decreased elasticity
      • Reduced subcutaneous fat.
    • Dental health behaviors and mortality
    • Sarcopenia: the loss of muscle mass with age.
    • Fall prevention strategies in elderly care.

    Chapter 5

    • Activities of daily living (ADLs) and Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs):
    • Lifestyle risk factors and 5 major chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung disease, obesity).
    • Vascular system issues (atherosclerosis and stroke)

    Chapter 6

    • Processing speed and aging
      • General slowing hypothesis
      • Age-Complexity hypothesis
    • Driving safety for older adults (e.g., visual, physical changes and considerations)
    • Memory abilities: stable and declining with aging

    Chapter 7

    • Communication predicament model:
      • Age-related stereotypes can affect communication.
    • Executive function components: self-monitoring and inhibition.

    Chapter 8

    • Psychodynamic theory (ego psychology, defense mechanisms, adult attachment theory)
    • Vaillant's Theory of Defense Mechanisms: immature-intermediate-mature defense mechanisms
    • Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

    Chapter 9

    • Widowhood Effect on mortality
    • Divorce: influence on family obligations
    • Intergenerational Solidarity Model

    Chapter 11

    • Age difference in depressive symptoms

    Chapter 13

    • Signs of imminent death (e.g. Anorexia-cachexia syndrome)
    • Death ethos (e.g., funeral rituals and conversations regarding death).
    • Dual process model of bereavement

    Chapter 14

    • Active aging (WHO report): personal and social factors supporting healthy aging.
    • Superagers brain characteristics
    • Paradox of well-being in older adults.
    • Creativity and generativity in older adults.

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    Description

    Explore the biopsychosocial model of aging and development, focusing on the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that influence these processes. Understand the four principles of adult development, the divisions of the over-65 population, and the significance of activity theory in well-being. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of aging theories and societal attitudes toward older adults.

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