Practical Research 1: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature PDF

Practical Research 1 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature  LESSON 1: Selecting and Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature Learning Competencies a. Select relevant literature.CS_RS11-III-f-j-1 b. Cite related literature using standard style...

Practical Research 1 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature  LESSON 1: Selecting and Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature Learning Competencies a. Select relevant literature.CS_RS11-III-f-j-1 b. Cite related literature using standard style (APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style) CS_RS11-III-f-j-2 c. Synthesize information from relevant literature CS_RS11-III-f-j-3 d. Write coherent review of literature CS_RS11-III-f-j-4 e. Follow ethical standards in writing related literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5 f. Present written review of literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-6  Guide in writing a literature review; 1. Choose a topic. A central research question should guide your literature review. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field. Instead, it represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. 2. Decide on the scope of review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? 3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches. Make a list of the databases you will search. 4. Conduct your search and find the literature. Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This will save you time. Write down the searches you conduct in each database so that you may duplicate them if you need to later (or avoid dead-end searches that you'd forgotten you'd already tried). Use the bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate others. 5. Review the literature. What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover? Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings? What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise? If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is? How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited? if so, how has it been analyzed?  LESSON 2: CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLES (American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA) OR CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE) A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source from which you consulted and obtained information while writing your research paper. How you document your sources depends on the writing style manual your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g., (American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. The act of citing sources is also your best defense against allegations of plagiarism (Baraceros, 2016).  (American Psychological Modern Language Association Chicago Association (APA) (MLA) Frank, H. (2011). Wolves, Dogs, Frank, H. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing Frank, H. 2011. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: and Reinforcement: Complex Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Interactions Underlying Species Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Differences in Training and Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance. Problem-Solving Performance." Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior Genetics, 41(6), 830-839. Behavior Genetics 41.6 (2011): Behavior Genetics 41 (6):830-839. 830-39. Print. Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. The biology of humans at our best Plea for Color': Nella Larsen's Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an and worst. Penguin Books. Iconography of the Mulatta." Evolving Social Network,” American Literature, vol. 76, no. 4, American Journal of Sociology 115 2004, pp. 833-869, (2009): 411, accessed February 28, doi:10.1215/00029831-76-4-833. 2010, doi:10.1086/599247. According to this author, the following are the purposes of citation. 1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field. 2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments. 4. To prove your extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic. 5. To help readers find contact with the sources of ideas easily. 6. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work. 7. To save yourself from plagiarism. Ballenger in 2012 also added more important reasons why citation is important. The following reasons are: 1. Citing other people's words and ideas indicates that you have conducted a thorough review of the literature on your topic and therefore, you are reporting your research from an informed and critically engaged perspective. This increases your credibility as the author of the work. 2. Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, another researcher’s argument can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize the significance of your study and provide supporting evidence about how you addressed the “So What?” question. 3. The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for alternative approaches. If you disagree with researcher’s ideas or you believe there is a gap in understanding the research problem, your citations can serve as sources from which to argue an alternative viewpoint or the need to pursue a different course of action. 4. Just as the ideas of other researchers can bolster your arguments, they can also detract from your credibility if your research is challenged. Properly citing sources prevents your reputation from being tarnished if the facts or ideas of those cited are proven to be inaccurate or off-base. It prevents readers from concluding that you ignored or dismissed the findings of others, even if they are disputed. 5. Ideas are considered intellectual property and there can be serious repercussions if you fail to cite where you got an idea from. In the professional world, failure to cite other people’s intellectual property ruins careers and reputations and can result in legal action. Citing sources during college will help get you in the habit of acknowledging and properly citing the work of others. NOTE: In any academic writing, you are required to identify for your reader which ideas, facts, theories, concepts, etc., are yours and which are derived from the research and thoughts of others. Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or use direct quotes, if it's not your original idea, the source must be acknowledged. The only possible exception to this rule is information that is considered to be a commonly known fact [e.g., President Duterte is the president of the Philippines]. Appreciate, however, that any "commonly known fact" is culturally constructed and shaped by social and aesthetical biases. If you are in doubt about whether a fact is common knowledge or not, protect yourself from an allegation of plagiarism and provide a supporting citation, or ask your teacher for clarification.  Styles in Related Literature Citations or References In reviewing related literature, you come to read varieties of reading materials containing knowledge related to your research. It is a fact that these ideas, including the language or structures to express these ideas, belong to other people. They are not yours. Copying the ideas of other authors and citing them in your research is a good practice for being a researcher. Doing this practice signals not just honesty and courtesy to learn people whose ideas lend information to your paper, but also indicates your appreciation for their contribution to the field (Harmmersely,2013). The following are the three terms used to express your appreciation for recognition of people’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012) as cited by Baraceros (2016). 1. Acknowledgment – the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something to produce the paper 2. References or Bibliography – a complete list of all reading materials including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from. 3. Citation or In-Text- Citation- references within the main body of the text, especially in Review of Related Literature. The third one, citation is the focus of this lesson. Citation is also called in-text citation. It has many purposes and styles which are as follows: Patterns of Citation Citing authors, websites and other research materials have its styles or patterns. Read the styles/ patterns of citation below and understand how they are distinct from each other. This is needed in order for you to know what styles/ patterns of citation are used by the researchers in writing their research and for you to decide what styles /patterns you will adopt/ use in your review of related literature. Patterns of Citation 1. Summary. The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your language. To make the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text. 2. Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words in the original text (Baraceros, 2016). Strategies for Paraphrasing: a. Read the original text or abstract. Understand it as a whole, then, set aside. b. Using your own memory, write down the main points or concepts. c. In your own words, summarize the text/ abstract that helps make your point (University of Texas, 2016) 3. Short Direct quotation. Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words. 4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract. Named in many ways, this citation pattern means you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight (8) lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.  LESSON 2: SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Directions: Categorize the sources of related literature into Primary Sources or Secondary Sources by writing them on the specific book page below. The following sources are: speeches textbooks letters magazines diaries autobiographies biographies interviews official reports court records artifacts photographs drawings encyclopedia circular almanacs bulletins school records journals dictionaries Sources of Related Literature and Studies may include the following: 1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references. 2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications. 3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries. 4. Unpublished theses and dissertations. 5. The constitution, laws, and statutes of the land. 6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and departments, especially from the office of the Presidents of the Philippines and the Department of Education (DepEd). 7. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities. 8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise. 9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities. The said sources can be categorized as: 1. Primary Sources: artifacts, autobiographies, court records, diaries, Emails, speeches, letters interviews, letters, official reports, drawings, maps, photographs, speeches, 2. Secondary Sources: biographies, critical studies of an author's work, dictionaries, journal articles, handbooks, magazines, newspapers, reports, textbooks, 1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines and Foreign / International, if they are conducted in foreign lands. Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations (Calderon& Gonzales, 2015). They may be classified as: Locating the Sources of Related Literature and Studies Generally, the sources of related literature and studies according to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) can be accessed from the following: 1. Libraries, either government or schools (private or public) 2. Government and private offices 3. The National Library and 4. Online websites (Aparejo, 2018) Since students like you are mostly technologically savvy and exposed to computers and internet websites, you can utilize online websites for your related review of literature and studies. Feel the value of the internet, search engines, and websites in writing Chapter 2 of your research – Review of Related Literature.  LESSON 3: ORGANIZING RELATED LITERATURE  One of the greatest problems among researchers in writing the related literature is how to organize the review. There are times that we tend to include all that we have read leaving our Chapter 2 unorganized and crowded.  Then, our Chapter 2 will lose its coherence and unity. However, if you are a keen observer, you will notice how some researchers follow a certain format to make their work coherent. Here are the ways on how to organize your review of literature and studies:  WAYS ON HOW TO ORGANIZE YOUR REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES: 1. Through Chronological Order (date/year) In organizing your related literature using chronological method, you could write your research paper review according to when they were published. If this approach is used, it has to be ensured that clear development of the way, location, or place where such research are to be noted following the flow of years or specific dates. 2. Through broad-to-specific topic According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), you can also organize your related review of literature and studies by starting it from a general issue of the topic, then lowering it down to specific issues in the literature until it reaches and links to your research title, question, research keywords, thesis statement, and hypothesis. An example of this is when you start the problem of teenage pregnancy internationally or globally. Start by establishing the trend of such problem globally, then at the national level, to your province, city, or locality, and your own barangay (Aparejo, 2010). 3. Through major models or major theories Another approach to writing a coherent and organized review of related literature and studies is by arranging it according to its significant models or major theories. When various models or theories emerge in your studies, it is better to arrange them according to their importance in your research. Group the articles you read and researched by models and theories to get a coherent view of your review of related literature and studies (Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan, 2008). 4. Through prominent authors If a certain author, writer, or researcher has developed a certain innovation, model, theory, or education breakthrough and then other authors or researchers continue studying and developing it, it is good to arrange such authors by their popularity or fame. It is also better if authors are organized according to whose famous authors they agreed upon. With this organization, coherence of author’s view on specific issues from one author to another is vividly followed (Cronin, Ryan& Coughlan, 2008). 5. Through contrasting schools of thought By this approach of organizing your related literature and study, you can group major arguments or contrasting differences that came up in your research with researchers stressing their agreement and disagreement in their approaches and ideas. 6. Through thematic concept or by topic The thematic concept of topic reviews refers to the related reviews that are organized on a specific topic or a concept, an issue, or a trend of the time. It is different from chronological and by publication because it focuses on a concept or topic rather than time and year of publication. For instance, a review of the impact of the internet on the Philippine political system. Although in this type of organization, the chronological and thematic organization can still be present in its development, the focus in the thematic approach is not the year nor the theme but the role of the internet in the political system of government. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made. 7. Through Methodological approach In the methodological approach, the focus is on the method the researcher used. For example, the literature review focuses on the method used by the graduating Senior High School students to raise funds for their entrepreneurship proposal or method used to increase agricultural yields among agriculture students. It can also be the method used by the STEM students in their research on the preservation of our nature using the innovation brought by technology.  LESSON 4: Making Links Between Studies Making links between studies is another skill in writing research particularly in writing a review of related literature. This skill needs a thorough analysis of the research articles, literature, abstracts, and studies. After reading the literature reviews, abstracts, and studies comprehending and analyzing them are the next steps in order to decide whether the findings of those materials have linked to your studies. Here are the Effective Transitions in Research Manuscripts Writing introduced by Panter, M. (2020)  LESSON 5: CONTENT OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Writing a review of related literature has its own structure. The researcher has to follow the structure for its guided format. Like building a house, a carpenter or an engineer has to design the structure of a house before he has to build it. Writing a review of related literature follows the same procedure too. The researcher will make or follow the procedural structure in writing a review such as an introduction, body, and conclusion. 1. Introduction The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any controversies within the field or any recent research that has raised questions about earlier assumptions. The introduction can be seen as the beginning paragraph of Chapter 2, or the beginning paragraph of the body of related literature. Example: If the topic under consideration is SHS students under Pres. Duterte’s declaration of Martial law, the introduction can be like this: “This review will not explore the accounts of SHS students in Visayas and Luzon but only in Mindanao (Martial Law is only implemented in Mindanao – 2017- 2019). When you write an introduction, you have to bear in mind that it must have a focus and has to emphasize the subject topic or problem of the study. It explains what kind of study or research has been done and its purpose too. It also describes any controversies encompassing the previous and recent studies incorporating the present problems under investigation. It also provides the background of the study or research. Sometimes an introduction will summarize or evaluate the kind of research the researcher would like to undertake or may suggest how the findings of research will lead to further researches. 2. Body of Review of Related Literature The second content of the review of related literature is the body. The body of related review of literature is oftentimes divided into major headings and subheadings. In most cases, the body of related literature and studies will summarize, evaluate, and assess the field of knowledge under study in the current stage. It gives reports and findings on themes, issues, topics, and trends for researchers to confirm or negate. Note that if review is about a preliminary of a research project, then the body will focus on the argument in order to justify the issues, topics or problems under investigation. 3. Conclusion The conclusion will give the summary of all the shreds of evidence that are being presented from the introduction to the body of related literature and studies. Aside from that, the conclusion will also give the precise key findings of other studies of the review in general concepts. The conclusion for the review of related literature is different from the conclusion of the entire research findings of your study. This conclusion here is specifically for the review of related literature only. It consists of one paragraph only summarizing the main points of all the research findings from abstracts, theories and models used in the study or in your research.  LESSON 6: ETHICAL STANDARD IN RESEARCH  Being a researcher, you can hear complaints about unethical standards in writing research. When we say unethical, it means that the ethical standard is being violated. The narrative accounts of how the authors’ intellectual rights are taken for granted during the writing of related literature review have caught the attention of the seasoned researchers and the academic world. Thus, to make us follow the ethical standard in writing research, let us read the information below.  According to Fraenkel & Wallen (2007) in their book titled “How to Write and Evaluate Research in Education” ethics is the term coined for words of right or wrong. And if researchers think about research, they are thinking about whether or not conducting research to particular respondents in a particular situation and place is “right” or “wrong”.