PR 2 Lesson 1 PDF

Learning Objectives At the end of this chapter, the learners should be able to: select relevant literature; cites related literature using standard style; synthesize information from relevant literature; follow ethical standards in writing related literature; and writ...

Learning Objectives At the end of this chapter, the learners should be able to: select relevant literature; cites related literature using standard style; synthesize information from relevant literature; follow ethical standards in writing related literature; and write and present a coherent review of literature.  Lesson 5 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Selecting Relevant Literature  Literature Review - reports your critical review of the relevant literature, and - identifies a gap within the literature that your research will attempt to address Goals of a Literature Review ✓To demonstrate familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility Goals of a Literature Review ✓To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. Goals of a Literature Review ✓To summarize and integrate what is known in an area. Goals of a Literature Review ✓To learn from others and simulate new ideas. How to Evaluate Articles Evaluate the title - A good title is specific, indicates the nature, and avoids asking yes or no questions.  Read the abstract - A good abstract: ✓ summarizes critical information about a study ✓ gives the purpose of the study ✓ identifies methods used ✓ highlights major findings  Read the article - You may begin by skimming the material and quickly reading the conclusion. To perform a good literature review, you must be: ✓ selective - do not list everything ✓ comprehensive - include highly relevant parts and critical Sources for the Literature Review Source - refers to print, electronic, or visual materials necessary for your research  Sources Primary Secondary Tertiary Letters Academic Official research journal articles Encyclopedias topics Dictionaries Documentaries Autobiographies  1. Select The a topic Literature 4. Write 2. Select the and choose Review review literature Process 3. Analyze and interpret literature Remember to write your review in the past tense except when discussing its significance where you use the present tense. Martin (2007) found that there was a possible direct relationship between how children saw and felt about themselves and how they felt about the Superheroes. This shows that it is probable that superheroes may be able to influence an adolescent’s perception of masculinity. Task: Accomplish the table below. Title Abstract Reference  Citing Related Literature Using Standard Styles Citing Literature - is giving credit to the sources of any information of ideas done in the text Citation - a formal reference to a published or unpublished source of information used in your research When citing direct quotations: ✓ should be surrounded by quotation marks ✓ generally used when the idea you want to capture is best expressed by the source Plagiarism - is using other people’s words, ideas, results, or images without giving appropriate credit to that person Why do we cite? 1. to avoid plagiarism 2. to give credit to the owner of idea Why do we cite? 3. The list of sources used increases your credibility as the author of the work. Why do we cite? 4. Citation to sources helps readers expand their knowledge on topic. Why do we cite? 5. It provides evidence for your arguments. Why do we cite? 6. It is professional and standard practice for students and scholars. In-text Citation - follows the author’s last name and year of publication format inside parentheses Short Quotations - Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Short Quotations ✓ According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). ✓ Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? Longer Quotations End-of-paper Citation - provides all necessary details about the source of information Reference Section - an alphabetical list of all the references you cited in your paper Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing and where they come from. You MUST always cite other people’s words, ideas, and other intellectual property that you use in your research or that have an influence on your ideas.  You should cite whenever you: ✓ use a direct quote ✓ paraphrase ✓ summarize ✓ use facts or statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly to your argument The Literature 1. Select a topic Review Process 4. Write 2. Select the and choose review literature 3. Analyze and interpret literature  Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature To synthesize is to draw conclusions about the findings in related literature reviewed so that you can identify how the literature addresses your research question. What is a synthesis? - refers to the combining of materials from different sources to create an integrated whole Your ability to infer relationships among sources will be helpful in synthesizing information taken from your review of literature. Types of Syntheses Exclamatory Synthesis - helps the readers understand a topic - Its aim is to present facts in a reasonably objective manner. Types of Syntheses Argument Synthesis - Its purpose is for you to present your point of view with the support of relevant facts. The review of related literature and studies must contain substantial information to help in understanding the subject or topic. It is through the review of literature that the research is able to connect to the pass with the findings of the present and shows the difference between the data and information collected in the present study.  As to the presentation, the procedures and findings taken from the reviewed literature are presented in the past tense. The present tense form is used in the discussions of the analyses, comments, correlations and integrations and the related literature. How to Write a Synthesis 1. Consider your purpose in writing. 2. Select and read carefully your sources according to your purpose. 3. Formulate a thesis – the main ideas that you want to present 4. Decide how you will use your source material and take down notes. 5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis. 6. Write the first draft following your plan. 7. Revise your synthesis.  Writing Coherent Review of Literature Coherence - the quality of being logical and consistent - refers to how well a manuscript holds together as a unified document A good review does not just summarize the literature but ✓ discusses it critically ✓ identifies methodological problems ✓ points out research gaps When writing a coherent literature review: ✓ ask yourself how well the elements of your review connect with one another; and When writing a coherent literature review: ✓ use transitional expressions as they can help readers identify the connection among the sections in your review  Sections of a Literature Review Introduction ✓ introduces the general topic and provides an appropriate scholarly or societal (e.g. policy, practice) context for the review Introduction ✓identifies the overall state-of- knowledge about the topic  Body ✓ address previous research on the topic ✓ draw together the significance of previous, individual studies by highlighting the main themes, issues and knowledge gaps ✓ include brief “so what” sentences at intermediate points in the review to connect the literature to the proposed research objectives ✓ describe previous works done related to the proposed research Conclusion ✓ provides a summary statement of the overall state of knowledge about the topic ✓ reinforces the research objectives, and establishes the potential significance of your proposed research  Sections of a Literature Review  Following Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature Research Ethics - standardized rules that guide the design and conduct of research (Dempster and Hanna, 2016) When you are doing a literature review, consider the following key ethics questions: 1. How will you ensure you treat the work of existing researchers accurately and fairly? 2. Does the research you are reviewing raise ethical questions that you need to address?  Principles for Research Ethics 1. Discuss intellectual property frankly. It is unethical to take ideas from sources without giving credit to the originator. 2. Follow informed consent roles. The participants should be part of the research and have the right to know about the results of the study. 3. Respect confidentiality and privacy. Letters sent to the respondents and participants in a study usually include a statement on the observance of confidentiality in terms of the data provided by them. Research Misconduct - fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism, including misrepresentation of credentials in proposing, performing or reviewing research Input 1. Know the literature Output 2. Comprehend the literature 3. Apply 4. Analyze 5. Synthesize 6. Evaluate In all these stages, ethics need to be in place to prevent research misconduct.  Illustrating and Explaining Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework - provides an outline of the plan on how to conduct the research  Not all conceptual frameworks have to include a diagram or a graphic – you can present it using a narrative. Your narrative should summarize the variables end explore how they may change your hypothesis. Nature and Purposes of Conceptual Framework Purposes of a Conceptual Framework ✓ to clarify concepts and propose relationships among the concepts in a study ✓ to provide a context for interpreting the study findings ✓ to explain observations ✓ to encourage theory development that is useful and practical A conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought.