Paper 2 Section A Terminology Help PDF

**[Meaning Help Sheet]** **\ ** **Halliday's Functions of Speech** -- Regulatory: Language used to influence the behaviour of others. Concerned with persuading / commanding / requesting other people to do things you want. -- Interactional: Language used to develop social rel...

**[Meaning Help Sheet]** **\ ** **Halliday's Functions of Speech** -- Regulatory: Language used to influence the behaviour of others. Concerned with persuading / commanding / requesting other people to do things you want. -- Interactional: Language used to develop social relationships and ease the process of interaction. Concerned with the phatic dimension of talk. -- Personal: Language used to express the personal preferences and identity of the speaker. Sometimes referred to as the 'Here I am!' function -- announcing oneself to the world. -- Representational: Language used to exchange information. Concerned with relaying or requesting information. -- Heuristic: Language used to learn and explore the environment. Child uses language to learn; this may be questions and answers, or the kind of running commentary that frequently accompanies children's play. -- Imaginative: Language used to explore the imagination. May also accompany play as children create imaginary worlds, or may arise from storytelling. **Dore's Infant Language Functions** Labelling - Naming or identifying a person, object or experience\ Repeating - echoing language spoken by a more accomplished speaker\ Answering - Directly responding to an interrogative or declarative (or any utterance) by another speaker\ Requesting action - demanding something e.g. food or drink\ Calling - shouting/ loudly talking to attract attention\ Greeting - simply saying \"hi\" or \"hello\" \ Protesting - Objecting to a request\ Practising - Repeating language that the child speaks when no adults are assisting, trying to independently develop their language. **\ ** **[Grammar Help Sheet]** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Stage** | **Descriptors** | **Grammatical | **Age | | | | constructions** | (months)** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | One word/ | One word | | 12-18 | | | utterance | | | | holophrastic | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Two-word | Two words | Subject + verb | 18-24 | | | combined to | | | | | create simple | Verb + object | | | | syntactical | | | | | structures | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Telegraphic | Three or more | Subject + verb | 24-36 | | | words joined in | + object | | | | increasingly | | | | | complex and | Subject + verb | | | | accurate orders | + complement | | | | | | | | | | Subject + verb | | | | | + adverbial | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Post | Increasing | Instead of | 36+ | | -telegraphic | awareness of | saying 'runned' | | | | grammatical | using ran | | | | rules and | | | | | irregularities | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **\ ****\ ** **[Phonology Help Sheet]** **Term** **Explanation** **Examples** ---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- Deletion Omitting the final consonant in words do(g), cu(p) Substitution Substituting one sound for another pip for 'ship' Addition Adding an extra vowel sound to the ends of words creating a CVCV pattern doggie Assimilation Changing on consonant or vowel for another gog for 'dog' Reduplication Repeating a whole syllable dada, mama Consonant cluster reductions Reducing consonant clusters to be smaller pider for 'spider' Deletion of unstressed syllables Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words nana for 'banana' +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Plosives** | **p, t, k** | **b, d, g** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Fricatives** | **f, t (thigh)** | **v, ð (thy)** | | | | | | | **s, h, ʃ** | **z, ʒ (leisure)** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Affricatives** | **tʃ (church)** | **dʒ (judge)** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Approximants** | **w,r** | **j** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nasals** | **m, n, ŋ** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Laterals** | **l** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Age (months)** **Phonemes** ------------------ ------------------------- **24** **p, b, m, d, n, w, t** **30** **k, g, h, ŋ** **36** **f, s, j, l** **42** **tʃ, dʒ, v, z, ʃ, r** **48+** **ð, ʒ** **[Theoretical Approaches]**