OCC Reviewer for Summative Test - PDF

OCC REVIEWER FOR SUMMATIVE TEST 5. Information Dissemination - aims to acquire and/or convey information. Nature, Elements, Process and Functions of Communication VARIOUS MODELS OF COM...

OCC REVIEWER FOR SUMMATIVE TEST 5. Information Dissemination - aims to acquire and/or convey information. Nature, Elements, Process and Functions of Communication VARIOUS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Nature of Communication Aristotle’s Model of Communication - Process - Aristotle (5 BC) - Written or spoken - First and earliest model - Verbal or non-verbal - Focused on public speaking - SPEAKER - MESSAGE - AUDIENCE Communication is simply defined as the act of transferring information from one person, group, object, or place to another. Elements of Communication 1. Sender 2. Message Transactional Model 3. Encoding - Exchange of messages between sender 4. Channel and receiver 5. Receiver - Called circular model 6. Decoding - Barriers may take place 7. Feedback 8. Conext 9. Barrier/Noise Process of Communication The speaker generates an idea. The speaker encodes an idea into words or action. The speaker transmits or sends out the message through the channel. Shannon-Weaver’s Model The receiver gets the message. - Introduces the concept of noise The receiver decodes. - AKA the Telephone Model The receiver sends feedback. Functions of Communication 1. Regulation/Control - aims to guide or control an individual's behavior. 2. Motivation - encouraging 3. Social Interaction - produces social relationships and develops connections. 4. Emotional Expression - facilitates people’s expression  Schramm Model b. knowledgeable about the topic he is - Wilbur Schramm is the father of mass communicating and the audience’s familiarity communication with it. - Communication breakdown is c. social system (culture of the audience) explained - Same field of experience 2. Messages a. Content- beginning to ending b. Elements - gestures, facial expression, body language c. treatment - understands the importance of the message d. structured to be conveyed clearly. e. Code - means and form (language, gestures, expressions, music, etc.). Correct code means a clear message. 3. Channel- sense of hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting help in communication Eugene White Model - Cyclical model- communication is 4. Receiver circular and continuous - Has 8 stages - Introduced the concept of feedback Helical Model - Frank Dance in 1967 - Communication is similar to helix Berlo’s Model (smooth curve like a spring that goes - Considers the emotional aspect of the upwards and downwards). message - Presents the concept of time where - Follows SMCR model continuousness of the communication process is very important. 1. Source/encoder - where message originates. - Communication progresses as an a. communication skills (read, write, speak, and individual gets older and his experience listen to the right attitude towards the listeners, and vocabulary increases. subject, and oneself.)  Types of Communication Barriers others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience. 1. Language Barriers - Terminology 4. Concreteness - Effective (jargons) used in a message may act as a communication happens when the barrier if it is not fully understood by the message is concrete and supported by receiver/s. facts, figures, and real-life examples and 2. Psychological Barriers - ex. If situations. someone has personal worries and is 5. Courtesy - The speaker shows courtesy stressed, when one is angry, it is easy to in communication by respecting the say things that they may later regret and culture, values, and beliefs of his/her also to misinterpret what others are receivers. saying. 6. Clearness - Clearness in 3. Physiological Barriers - The sender communication implies the use of and the receiver who has physical simple and specific words to express disability especially those referring to ideas. It is also achieved when the senses. speaker focuses only on a single 4. Physical Barriers – The environmental objective in his/her speech so as not to and natural conditions such as confuse the audience. organizational environment or interior 7. Correctness - Correctness in grammar workspace design problem, eliminates negative impact on the technological problem, and noise. audience and increases the credibility 5. Attitudinal Barriers. Are behaviors or and effectiveness of the message. perceptions that may result from personality conflicts, poor management, Using Various Strategies in Order to Avoid resistance to change, or a lack of Communication Breakdown motivation. Effective receivers of messages should attempt to overcome Two Types of Communication their own attitudinal barriers to facilitate (1) Communication using words is called effective communication. verbal communication (spoken and written; face-to-face or through 7Cs of Communication technology). 1. Completeness - communication should Barriers To Verbal Communication include everything that the receiver 1. People > poor hearing or eyesight and needs to hear for him/ her to respond, others stutter react, or evaluate properly. 2. Opinions and Beliefs 2. Conciseness - Conciseness does not 3. Topic > vagueness, complexity, mean keeping the message short, but emotional pull, or hidden agenda making it direct or straight to the point. 4. Communicative Situation > noise, 3. Consideration - To be effective, the motive speaker should always consider relevant 5. Language Choice > hurtful, foul words information about his/her receiver such with different meaning as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among (2) Communication without words (facial A descriptive speech creates a vivid expressions, hand gestures, body movements) is picture in a person's mind regarding an called nonverbal communication. object, person, animal, or place. 1. Language of Gestures - regulating “shh” forefinger in front of lips. 2. Persuasive Speech - A persuasive 2. Facial Expressions speech is given for the purpose of 3. Language of Colors persuading the audience to feel a certain 4. Language of Flowers way, to take a certain action, or to 5. Language of space (proxemics) is the support a specific view or cause. use of space based on importance. - 3. Inspirational Speech is a kind of highest position = biggest office / best speech that convinces people they can location (top floor or penthouse) succeed in life. This speech includes 6. Language of Time (chronemics) is the uplifting stories that the speaker thinks use of time based on position and power. the people listening to will be moved Someone in authority may show that and inspired to do greater and better his/her time is more important than that things in their life. of the visitors by making them wait. 4. Entertainment Speech - The primary 7. Language of Touch (haptics) can purpose of the speech is to entertain, to comfort, encourage, dissuade, or have the audience relax, smile and enjoy aggravate. the occasion. The speech should have a 8. Paralanguage- the meaning of words central theme or a focus The sole spoken depends on how they are said. purpose is to have the audience enjoy Tones, voices, and rhythm must match the presentation. the content of the message. Types of Speech Style 9. Posture and Body Orientation The Types of Speech Style is as distinct as the Types of Speeches Types of Speech Context which can be paired according to usage. The following are the 1. Informative Speech - An informative different types of speech styles according to speech is given for the purpose of Martin Joos (1959): providing information about a topic to the audience. 1. INTIMATE is a non – public speech The main types of informative speeches style that uses private vocabulary and include definition, descriptive, explanatory, includes nonverbal messages. It is a and demonstrative. style in which meaning is shared even A definition speech explains the without “correct linguistic forms”. This meaning, theory, or philosophy of a occurs among people who have known specific topic that the audience likely each other for a long time and have does not know much about. shared many experiences. A demonstration speech explains how 2. CASUAL is a speech style used among to do something. friends and acquaintances that do not An explanatory speech might give a require background information. The description of the state of a given topic. use of slang is common and interruptions occur often. 3. CONSULTATIVE is the opposite of the may be a command, an apology, an intimate style because this is used expression of thankfulness or just an among people who share common answer to a question for the information experiences or meaning. This does not of other people in the communication preclude disclosure of background process. There are two kinds of information later to become the basis of illocutionary acts. shared meaning. This requires two – way participation and interruptions can Two types of illocutionary acts: occur during the communication. - Constantive - making something true or 4. FORMAL is used only for imparting false by saying it. This is commonly information. The speech is well – done by someone in authority like a organized and correct in grammar and judge or an official. diction. Technical vocabulary and exact - Performative - doing something by just definitions are important. saying it. Straightforward and direct, with no circumlocution, this style does not allow Illocutionary acts can be categorized into interruptions. common families of speech acts. The following 5. FROZEN is a formal style whose is John Searle’s categories of illocutionary acts. quality is static, ritualistic, and may Each has its own illocutionary purpose. even be archaic. It is exemplified by prayers that have been recited in the 1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in same way for years, such as the Pledge which the speaker expresses belief about of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan, the truth of a proposition like boasting, and the Oath of Office of any officer, suggesting, asserting, concluding, and whether of the Student Council or of swearing Congress. 2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action by way of Types of Speech Act commanding, requesting, begging, inviting, pleading, or insisting Locutionary Acts - according to Susana 3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary Nuccetell and from Gary Seay (from act which commits the speaker to future Philosophy of Language: The Central actions such as promising, planning, Topics) 2007, “the mere act of vowing, and betting. producing some linguistic sounds or 4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act marks with a certain meaning and in which the speaker expresses his/her reference.". Locutionary act refers to feelings or emotional reactions. Some any utterances that may contain examples of expressive acts are statements or words about objects. It thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and may be a word, or even a phrase that has deploring. a meaning. Ex. “My teacher is wearing a 5. Declarative – a type of illocutionary act red dress today.”, “I love dogs.” which brings a change in an external Illocutionary Acts - Illocutionary act is situation. Simply put, declarations bring the acting part of the speech act. It into existence, or cause the state of carries a directive for the audience. It  affairs which they refer to. Some - A) Public Speaking - Formal examples of declarations are blessing, presentation by the speaker to an firing, baptizing, and bidding audience. The audience primarily Perlocutionary act - is the third aspect functions as receivers and responders. of speech acts. It is a speech act that - B) Mass Communication – takes place produces an effect, intended or not, through television, radio, newspapers, achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s magazines, books, billboards, internet, utterance. Perlocutionary act can bring and other types of media. about a consequence to the audience. ORGANIZATIONAL They have an effect on the listener in COMMUNICATION - refers to the feelings, thoughts, or actions such as interaction of members along with the changing someone’s mind. links in an organizational structure INTERCULTURAL Speech Context COMMUNICATION - refers to the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, Speech Context - Considers the purpose of and practices between and among communication according to the situation and people of different nationalities and number of participants to determine which ways of life. communicative style to use. Speech Acts Types of Speech Context Speech Acts are actions done by saying them. INTRAPERSONAL (within self)– The listener must first determine the type of act communication that centers on one person where being performed before he can determine which the speaker acts both as the sender and the way a speech act is to be interpreted. receiver of the message. John L. Austin INTERPERSONAL (with others) language philosopher; –communication between and among people and speech act theory developer establishes personal relationships between and among them. 3 Types of Acts Types of Interpersonal Context Locutionary Act - is the actual utterance. Dyadic Communication – Ex. “Please do the dishes.” - What did you say? communication that occurs between two people. Illocutionary act - is the social function Small Group – involves at least three of what is said. but not more than twelve people Ex. The speaker requests the addressee to wash engaging in a face-to-face interaction to the dishes. - Why did you say it? achieve a desired goal. Public Communication – speaker delivers a message before an audience. Two Kinds of Illocutionary Acts baptize you. Live according to the commands of our Creator.” 1. Constantive - making something true or false by Perlocutionary act is the resulting act saying it. of what is said - from authorities (judge, teacher, CEO, Ex. “Please do the dishes.” would lead to the etc.) addressee washing the dishes. - What should be - Ex. The case is closed! Class is done? dismissed. 2. Performative Speeches According To Purpose - doing something by saying. - Ex. I nominate Lancer for president. I The speaker through the speech can make one accept the challenge. think, smile, or laugh. The purposes of speech are studied to deepen one’s knowledge and learn Searle’s Classification of Speech Acts how to apply them in one’s own speech. The four types according to purpose are Informative, John Searle (professor, UCBerkely) classified Persuasive, Inspirational, and Entertainment. illocutionary acts into five (5). A. An informative speech is given for the 1. Assertive – the speaker describes purpose of providing information about circumstances or events such as reports, a topic to the audience. The main types demands, and statements. Examples: of informative speeches include the stating, demanding, boasting, and following: concluding. “Tomorrow there will be a 1. A definition speech explains test at 9 AM sharp.” the meaning, theory, or 2. Directive – the speaker tries to make philosophy of a specific topic the addressee perform an action. the audience does not know Examples: asking, ordering, requesting, much about. inviting, advising, and begging. “Will 2. A demonstration speech you be my better half?” explains how to do something, 3. Commissive – the speaker commits to like editing videos. It uses do something in the future. Examples visual examples to show the are promising, planning, vowing, and steps and help retain betting. “From now on, I will be wiser information. in choosing a leader.” 3. An explanatory speech might 4. Expressive –the speaker expresses describe a topic. an example is his/her feelings or emotional reactions. the type of speech given at Examples: thanking, apologizing, industry conferences. the welcoming, criticizing speaker describes a particular 5. Declaration – brings a change in the part of an industry. external situation. Examples: blessing, 4. A descriptive speech creates a firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a vivid picture in a person's mind sentence, excommunicating. “ I now regarding an object, person, animal, or place. B. A persuasive speech persuades the I made this para di na kayo pa-open-open ng audience to feel a certain way, to take a certain powerpoint or modules ni maam. Para isang action, or to support a specific view or cause. tingin nalang. Galing to lahat sa sinend ni julia - example: A student council president na powerpoints and modules. Its up to u kung trying to convince school administrators gagamitin mo. Thanks ! to allow the students to have a JS prom. By: ellacakes ! C. An inspirational speech convinces people about something. This includes uplifting stories that will move and inspire people to do greater and better things in life. D. An entertainment speech’s purpose is to entertain, for the audience to relax, smile and enjoy the occasion. it could be through jokes, funny or scary stories, stand-up comedies, and dramatized tales. Communication Strategies ➔ Nomination - the speaker establishes a topic. ➔ Restriction - limits the response or reaction within a certain topic or boundary. ➔ Topic Control - procedural formality or informality that affects the development of the topic. (Ex. In a meeting, you only speak when the chairperson asks you to.) ➔ Turn-taking - recognizes other’s opportunity to speak and how to speak. (Do you want to say something? What do you think? What can you say?) ➔ Topic-shifting - introduces a new topic. (In addition to what you said…Which reminds me of…) ➔ Repair - how speakers address the problem encountered in a conversation. (“All right, let us do it this way.” “Okay, let’s have an agreement.”) ➔ Termination - used to close the interaction using verbal and nonverbal signs.