Oral Communication Reviewer PDF

Oral Communication Reviewer 1. It originated from two Latin words, communis, and communicare. - It is a process of sharing and conveying messages from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures 2. Communis – t...

Oral Communication Reviewer 1. It originated from two Latin words, communis, and communicare. - It is a process of sharing and conveying messages from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures 2. Communis – to make common 3. Communicare – to make common to many; share Functions of Communication Regulation/Control - Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to regulate the nature and number of activities people engage in. Example: “Take your medicine before you go to bed.” “Finish your work before you go.” Social Interaction - It allows people to interact with others to develop bonds or intimacy. It also allows individuals to express desires, encouragement, needs, and decisions or to give and get information. ▪ interact with others to develop bond or intimacy Example: “Would you like to go to church with me?” Motivation – It persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion, attitude, and behavior. Example: “You’re on the right track. Keep up the good work.” “My dream is to finish my Senior High School despite this pandemic”. Emotional Expression – It facilitates people’s expression of their feelings such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion. Example: “I’m so happy to have you in my life.” “I like you so much.” Information – It functions to convey information. It can be used in giving and getting information. Example: “The Philippine Normal University was founded in 1901.” “You can find the bathroom right next to this door” Elements of Communication Speaker- source of information or message Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words, or in actions. Channel- the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed. Receiver- the recipient or someone who decodes the message. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. Encoding- process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message by the receiver. Context- the environment where communication takes place. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. Nature of Communication 1. Communication is a process. 2. Communication occurs between two or more people. (the speaker and the receiver) 3. Communication can be expressed through words (verbal), actions (non-verbal), or both. Communication Model 1. Linear Model - communication is considered one-way. - The message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in the presence of noise. ▪ Aristotle Model of Communication- Considered as the first model of communication proposed before 300 BC. -It is mainly focused on the speaker and the speech. -Speaker Centered ▪ Laswell’s Model of Communication- Also known as “action model” ▪ Berlo’s SMCR Communication- SMCR refers to SENDER-MESSAGE-CHANNEL-RECEIVER - Focuses on encoding and decoding. 2. Interactive Model - Also known as “convergence model”. - Deals with the exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa. ▪ Schramm’s Model- It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature.  Encoder – sender and where message originates. Decoder – receiver of the message. Interpreter– analyzes and perceives the message. 3. Transaction Model- Exchange of message between sender and receiver where each takes turns to send and receive a message. - Both sender and receiver are known as communicators. - Mostly used for interpersonal communication and also called Circular Model of Communication. ▪ Shannon-Weaver Model- “Mother of all models” Concept of Shanon-Weaver Model Sender - source Encoder - transmitter Channel - medium Types of Speech Context 1. Intrapersonal - focused on one person, where the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message. - There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s okay, you can still do it! You can make it!” when you are losing your drive to finish the task that you are doing. 2. Interpersonal - type of communication that takes place and creates personal relationships between and among people. ▪ Dyad Communication- communication that happens between two people. ▪ Small Group- involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaged in face-to- face interactions to achieve the desired goals. ▪ Public- enables you to send or deliver a message before a crowd. Types of Speech Style 1. Intimate- is used for very close relationships. Example: Couple 2. Casual- is an informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share and have shared background information but do not have close relations. Example: Classmates. 3. Consultative- is used in semi-formal and standard communication. Example: Student and Teacher 4. Formal- is a one-way straightforward speech. Example: State of the Nation Address 5. Frozen- is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and events. Example: Pledges Types of Speech Act John Searle’s Categories of illocutionary Act: ▪ Assertive- the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition like boasting, suggesting, asserting, concluding, and swearing. Example: I am still the best student in class ▪ Directive- the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action by way of commanding, requesting, begging, inviting, pleading, or insisting. Example: Take me to that place. ▪ Commissive- the speaker commits the speaker to future actions such as promising, planning, vowing, and betting Example: I will take you to school every day starting tomorrow. ▪ Expresive- the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of expressive acts are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. Example: I am so sorry for not wearing the complete uniform today. ▪ Declarative- the speaker brings a change in an external situation. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, and bidding. Example: You are fired! Types of Communicative Strategies 1. Nomination- This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation. The speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to. Example: Good morning, class. How are you today? Is it raining in your area? 2. Restriction- This is used in constraining the reaction or response within a defined set of categories. This is useful when narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected set of answers. This prevents the conversation from going off-topic Example: We will have 30 minutes of online discussion regarding the topic on the Pandemic and Mental Health. An additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions and related concerns. 3. Turn Taking- It’s a strategy to establish and sustain a productive conversation. equires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking. This strategy can be used to prevent participants talking over one another which may cause conflicts. Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add something to the discussion? 4. Topic-Control- It’s a strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that requires a response from the listener. Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class? You may put your responses on the Jamboard link found on the chat box, or you may simply click the raise hand button and share your thoughts. 5. Topic Shifting- This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic. Example: By the way. In addition to what I have already mentioned, It is dangerous to go out, especially since the Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we practice physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with our friends and family members via phone calls or social media applications. 6. Repair- This communicative strategy refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. Example: We definitely should practice social distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the difference between these two terms? 7. Termination- This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that the participants send to one another. Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking out. Example: Thank you …. Okay, all done… See you later on our following online meeting schedule.