NMAT Social Sciences Session 1 PDF

ACING THE NMAT: A REVIEW ON THE Social Sciences SESSION 1 Session Outline 1 About the Instructor 2 About the Course 3 Introduction to Psychology 4 Schools of Thought (Part 1) GET TO KNOW ME! HANS ALBERT T. CARINUGAN BS Family Life and Child Development, UP Diliman Incoming L...

ACING THE NMAT: A REVIEW ON THE Social Sciences SESSION 1 Session Outline 1 About the Instructor 2 About the Course 3 Introduction to Psychology 4 Schools of Thought (Part 1) GET TO KNOW ME! HANS ALBERT T. CARINUGAN BS Family Life and Child Development, UP Diliman Incoming LU3, UP College of Medicine TEACHING EXPERIENCE Knowledge Channel Foundation Inc. (2023) UP Child Development Center (2022) UP Integrated School (2022)  SOCIAL SCIENCE?  SOCIAL SCIENCES SCIENCE?  SOCIAL SCIENCES SCIENCE? What branches could you think of?  resources power Economy places Politics Geography SOCIAL History Sociology society SCIENCES events Anthropology Psychology culture mind COURSE OVERVIEW  resources power Economy places Politics Geography SOCIAL History Sociology society SCIENCES events Anthropology Psychology culture mind COURSE GUIDE WALK THROUGH Session Outline 1 About the Instructor 2 About the Course 3 Introduction to Psychology 4 Schools of Thought (Part 1) PSYCHOLOGY What comes to your mind when you hear it? PSYCHOLOGY The scientific study of mind and behavior What’s the difference? MIND BRAIN intangible physical organ History Recap Sir, bakit sa history tayo magsisimula? History Recap Psychology today is very different from how it began. Early Psychology Plato’s Theory Three Parts of Soul or Psyche Balance = Healthy Psyche Logistikon intellect Epithumetikon wants and desires Thumoieides emotions Early Psychology Aristotle’s Theory on ways of acquiring knowledge about the mind OBSERVATION REASON Early Psychology Descartes’ Theory also called “Cartesian Dualism”or “Mind-Body Dualism” BODY material BEHAVIOR MIND interaction of body immaterial and mind Early Psychology How can an immaterial thing interact with a material thing? Early Psychology How can an immaterial thing interact with a material thing? Pineal Gland! Early Psychology How can we study something we couldn’t empirically measure? Early Psychology PHILOSOPHY PSYCHOLOGY ETHICS LOGIC Early Psychology NOT SCIENCE PSYCHOLOGY Early Psychology It was when we started learning how the brain works and began using the scientific method to study the mind that Psychology officially separated from Philosophy and became a Science. THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGIST WILHELM WUNDT German Professor who founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in 1879 Used the scientific method to study the mind and set the stage for future psychologists  Can you enumerate SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT some?  elements purpose _________________ holistic approaches _____________ ___________ SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ___________ ___________ IN PSYCHOLOGY whole>sum of parts mental processes ______________ ____________ IN A unconscious mind observable behavior NUTSHELL  elements purpose Structuralism holistic approaches Functionalism Humanism SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Gestalt Psych Cognitivism IN PSYCHOLOGY whole>sum of parts mental processes Psychoanalysis Behaviorism IN A unconscious mind observable behavior NUTSHELL Our Game Plan! Our Game Plan! Our Game Plan!  Caution! Most of these theories originated from countries that are WEIRD Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic STRUCTURALISM What makes up human consciousness?  STRUCTURALISM Key Persons: Edward Titchener, Wilhelm Wundt Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience How it ended: ________________ STRUCTURALISM QUICK EXERCISE! What do you feel when you see this picture? STRUCTURALISM Key Persons: Edward Titchener, Wilhelm Wundt Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience How it ended: perception subjectivity 1/7 DONE! FUNCTIONALISM What functions does human consciousness serve?  FUNCTIONALISM Key Person: William James sought to understand how mental processes operate in individuals and how they contribute to their adaptation to their environment  FUNCTIONALISM REFLECTING BACK Instead of asking what you feel when you see this picture...  FUNCTIONALISM REFLECTING BACK Why do you feel what you feel when you see this picture?  Structuralism Functionalism Focused on breaking things Focused on how things worked down to their smallest parts together Examined the capabilities of Examined how the mind functions different parts of the mind in different environments Used introspection to study Used objective techniques to feelings and sensations explore memories and emotions 2/7 DONE! GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY How do we perceive things in our mind?  GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Key Persons: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka Claims that an individual perceives an object as a whole, not in parts or bits. WHERE IT ALL BEGAN... PHI PHENOMENON optical illusion where movement is perceived when there is none  GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Key Persons: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka Claims that an individual perceives an object as a whole, not in parts or bits. Early Psychology “It has been said: The whole is more than the sum of its parts. It is more correct to say that the whole is something else than the sum of its parts, because summing up is a meaningless procedure, whereas the whole-part relationship is meaningful.” - Kurt Koffka GESTALT THEORY Principles of Perceptual Organization  PRAGNANZ We naturally perceive things in their simplest form or organization.  SIMILARITY We naturally group items together based on their similarities (e.g. color, size, and orientation).  PROXIMITY We naturally view objects that are near each other as one group.  CONTINUITY We perceive elements arranged on a line or curve as related to each other, while elements that are not on the line or curve are seen as separate.  CLOSURE We interpret familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps  FIGURE AND GROUND We perceive certain objects as being in the foreground and other objects as being in the background.  COMMON FATE We perceive elements that move together in the same direction or have a similar trajectory as one group. POP QUIZ! Application of Gestalt Principles GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! CLOSURE GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! CONTINUITY GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! PRAGNANZ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! COMMON FATE GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! PROXIMITY GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! FIGURE & GROUND GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! SIMILARITY GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! PRAGNANZ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! ____________ GUESS THE PRINCIPLE! CONTINUITY 3/7 DONE! PSYCHOANALYSIS What makes up the unconscious mind and how does it affect us?  PSYCHOANALYSIS Key Persons: Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson based on the assumption that a person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives; stresses the importance of early life experiences Key theories: Psychoanalytic Theory, Psychosocial theory PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY A look into Freudian Psychology  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SIGMUND FREUD Austrian neurologist; founded psychoanalysis to treat psychopathology People move through a series of stages within which they confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations. How conflicts are resolved determines the person’s ability to learn, to socialize, and to cope. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY KEY COMPONENTS Model of the Mind Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages of Development PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud’s Model of the Mind What makes up the psyche? ID EGO SUPEREGO Pleasure Principle Reality Principle Morality Principle drives, instincts, resolves conflict conscience; concept repressed traumas between id and ego of right and wrong  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud’s Model of the Mind Putting it into perspective  TYPES OF ANXIETY arises from the conflict of the three ID EGO SUPEREGO Neurotic Realistic Moral Anxiety Anxiety Anxiety ONLY THE EGO EXPERIENCES ANXIETY! If it is id that works on pleasure principle and it is ego that works on reason, how is it that we associate having a ‘high ego’ with pride? DEFENSE MECHANISMS Ways of protecting the ego PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY KEY COMPONENTS Model of the Mind Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages of Development 3.25/7 DONE! Recap 1 Structuralism 2 Functionalism 3 Gestalt Principles 4 Psychoanalytic Theory Next Session August 8, 2024 1 Psychoanalysis (continuation) 2 Classical Conditioning 3 Operant Conditioning Thank you!