Introduction to Psychological Theories
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Questions and Answers

Which part of Plato's Theory represents intellect?

  • Psyche
  • Logistikon (correct)
  • Epithumetikon
  • Thumoieides

What method did Aristotle advocate for acquiring knowledge about the mind?

  • Theoretical deduction and speculation
  • Experimentation and hypothesis testing
  • Intuition and introspection
  • Observation and reason (correct)

What is the primary focus of Descartes' theory regarding the interaction of the mind and body?

  • The empirical measurement of psychological phenomena
  • The relationship between behavior and the mind (correct)
  • The philosophical division of labor
  • The material nature of emotions

What was a significant barrier to psychology becoming a science?

<p>Lack of empirical measurements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the first psychologist due to establishing an experimental laboratory?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines does NOT fall under the umbrella of social sciences?

<p>Biology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mind from the brain according to the content?

<p>The mind is intangible, while the brain is a physical organ. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of history relevant to psychology as mentioned?

<p>The development of psychology has evolved significantly over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social sciences, what does the term 'culture' primarily relate to?

<p>The beliefs, practices, and values of a society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of psychology?

<p>The scientific study of mind and behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is primarily associated with understanding the basic elements of psychological experience?

<p>Structuralism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key figure is associated with Functionalism?

<p>William James (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?

<p>Gestalt Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Structuralists primarily use to study consciousness?

<p>Introspection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these denotes the observable behavior focus in psychology?

<p>Behaviorism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is concerned with how mental processes permit adaptation to the environment?

<p>Functionalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Psychoanalysis primarily focus on in psychological study?

<p>Unconscious mind (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical view is associated with many foundational psychological theories originating from WEIRD societies?

<p>Cultural exceptionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Freud's model of the mind operates on the pleasure principle?

<p>ID (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anxiety arises specifically from the ego's conflict between id and superego?

<p>Moral Anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives on behavior?

<p>Psychoanalytic Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of Freud's psychosexual development is characterized by children experiencing pleasure from their genitalia?

<p>Phallic Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ego's defense mechanism primarily aimed at protecting?

<p>Reality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what primarily determines a person's ability to socialize and cope?

<p>Conflict resolution during stages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT part of Freud's model of the mind?

<p>Subconscious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'praganz' refer to in the context of psychoanalysis?

<p>The principle of simplicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does structuralism mainly focus on in psychology?

<p>Breaking down mental processes into their smallest components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of Gestalt psychology states that we perceive objects in their simplest form?

<p>Pragnanz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is primarily used in functionalism to study mental processes?

<p>Objective measures and experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains why we view objects that are near each other as a single group?

<p>Proximity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Gestalt psychology, what does the principle of closure refer to?

<p>Filling in gaps to perceive complete forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is NOT considered a key person in Gestalt psychology?

<p>Sigmund Freud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that we interpret elements arranged in a continuous line as related to each other?

<p>Continuity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What optical illusion illustrates the phi phenomenon, where movement is perceived where there is none?

<p>Common Fate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology: Definition

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

Mind

The intangible part of a human being, consisting of thoughts, feelings, and consciousness.

Brain

The physical organ that controls thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Why Start With History?

Psychology has evolved significantly from its early stages. Understanding its history can highlight its evolution in the context of other fields and the development of its different branches.

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Evolution of Psychology

The difference between psychology in the past and today demonstrates its ongoing development and sophistication.

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Plato's Tripartite Soul

Plato's theory that the human soul is made up of three parts: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive. A balanced soul is considered a healthy psyche.

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Aristotelian Ways of Knowing

Aristotle's theory emphasizes that knowledge is acquired primarily through observation and reason.

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Mind-Body Dualism

Descartes' theory, often referred to as 'mind-body dualism', posits that the mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are distinct entities that interact.

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Pineal Gland & Interaction

Descartes believed that the pineal gland was the point of interaction between the immaterial mind and the material body.

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Psychology's Separation from Philosophy

The shift away from philosophy and towards the use of the scientific method to study the mind transformed psychology into an empirical science.

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Structuralism

A school of psychology focusing on the basic elements of consciousness and how they combine to form complex experiences.

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Functionalism

A school of psychology that examines the functions or purposes of consciousness and how it helps individuals adapt to their environment.

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Holistic Approaches

A school of psychology that stresses the importance of studying the whole experience rather than breaking it down into elements.

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Psychoanalysis

A school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

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Behaviorism

A school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of observable behavior and its relation to environmental stimuli.

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Humanism

A school of psychology that explores the subjective experience of mental processes, including thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of psychology that emphasizes the way in which people organize and perceive the world, often in meaningful wholes.

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Cognitivism

A school of psychology that studies mental processes such as attention, memory, language, and problem-solving.

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Pragnanz

A Gestalt principle stating that we naturally perceive images that are simple and familiar.

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Similarity

A Gestalt principle stating that we naturally group items together that share similar characteristics, such as color, shape, or size.

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Proximity

A Gestalt principle stating that we naturally perceive objects that are close to each other as belonging to the same group.

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Continuity

A Gestalt principle stating that we see elements arranged on a line or curve as belonging to the same group.

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Closure

A Gestalt principle stating that we perceive incomplete objects as complete, filling in the missing parts.

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What is the unconscious mind, according to psychoanalysis?

The unconscious mind is a reservoir of hidden drives, instincts, and repressed traumas that influence our behavior and thinking.

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What is the id?

The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and urges. It is the most primitive and instinctual part of the mind.

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What is the ego?

The ego operates according to the reality principle, mediating between the id's demands and the superego's restrictions. It seeks to balance desires with social expectations.

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What is the superego?

The superego represents the moral conscience, internalizing societal rules and values. It judges behavior and strives for perfection, often leading to guilt and shame.

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What are defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety, guilt, and conflicts arising from the id's desires and the superego's restrictions.

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What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Psychosexual stages of development represent stages in childhood where the id's energy focuses on different erogenous zones. How these stages are resolved affects personality.

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What is the core concept of Psychoanalytic Theory?

Freud's theory emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives, unresolved childhood conflicts, and defense mechanisms on behavior and personality.

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What is Erikson's Psychosocial theory?

Erikson's theory highlights the importance of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping personality across the lifespan through stages of psychosocial development.

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Study Notes

Session Outline

  • The session is about reviewing the Social Sciences for the NMAT.
  • The session is divided into four parts: About the Instructor, About the Course, Introduction to Psychology, and Schools of Thought (Part 1).

Instructor Information

  • Instructor: Hans Albert T. Carinugan
  • Qualifications: BS Family Life and Child Development, UP Diliman; Incoming LU3, UP College of Medicine
  • Teaching Experience: Knowledge Channel Foundation Inc. (2023), UP Child Development Center (2022), UP Integrated School (2022)

Course Overview

  • Part 2 of the NMAT includes Biology, Physics, Social Science, and Chemistry.
  • Social Science topics include psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
  • The test's focus is on fundamental concepts within these subjects.

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
  • The mind is intangible, whereas the brain is a physical organ.

Schools of Thought (Part 1)

  • Early psychological theories came from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries.
  • Structuralism: Key figures are Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. It uses introspection to identify basic elements of psychological experience. It ended due to perception subjectivity.
  • Functionalism: Key figure is William James. Focused on how mental processes work and how they contribute to adaptation.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Key figures are Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. Claims that people perceive objects as a whole rather than individual parts. Concepts include the phi phenomenon, Pragnanz, Similarity, Proximity, Continuity, Closure, and Figure and Ground.
  • Psychoanalysis: Key figures are Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Based on the assumption that unconscious drives influence behavior, emphasizing early life experiences. Concepts include Freud's model of the mind (ID, ego, superego) and Defense Mechanisms. The theory included psychoanalytic theory and psychosocial theory.

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NMAT Social Sciences Session 1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on foundational psychological theories from Plato to modern concepts. This quiz covers significant figures, disciplines, and methodologies that have shaped psychology. Ideal for students and enthusiasts looking to reinforce their understanding of psychology's evolution.

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