Module 2 Questions Part 1 PDF

### **1. What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?** a\) Carry blood to the lungs\ b) Store blood for emergencies\ c) Transport hormones and enzymes\ d) Carry blood away from the heart\ e) Remove waste products from cells **Answer:** d) Carry blood away from the heart...

### **1. What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?** a\) Carry blood to the lungs\ b) Store blood for emergencies\ c) Transport hormones and enzymes\ d) Carry blood away from the heart\ e) Remove waste products from cells **Answer:** d) Carry blood away from the heart ### **2. Which tunic of the arterial wall contains endothelium?** a\) Tunica externa\ b) Tunica media\ c) Tunica interna\ d) Vasa vasorum\ e) Basement membrane **Answer:** c) Tunica interna ### **3. What occurs during vasoconstriction?** a\) Smooth muscles relax, and blood flow increases.\ b) Arterial walls thicken due to collagen accumulation.\ c) Smooth muscles contract, and blood flow decreases.\ d) Elastic fibers in arteries degrade.\ e) Veins constrict to prevent backflow. **Answer:** c) Smooth muscles contract, and blood flow decreases. ### **4. Which type of artery has the largest diameters and fluctuates in pressure?** a\) Arterioles\ b) Elastic arteries\ c) Muscular arteries\ d) Metarterioles\ e) Venules **Answer:** b) Elastic arteries ### **5. What structure is responsible for regulating blood flow into capillary networks?** a\) Endothelial cells\ b) Precapillary sphincters\ c) Tunica externa\ d) Sinusoidal capillaries\ e) Fenestrated capillaries **Answer:** b) Precapillary sphincters ### **6. What is the distinguishing feature of continuous capillaries?** a\) They contain fenestrae.\ b) They have no gaps between endothelial cells.\ c) They are less permeable than sinusoidal capillaries.\ d) They have a thick basement membrane.\ e) They only exist in endocrine glands. **Answer:** b) They have no gaps between endothelial cells. ### **7. Which type of vein directly drains capillary networks?** a\) Medium veins\ b) Portal veins\ c) Venules\ d) Small veins\ e) Large veins **Answer:** c) Venules ### **8. What defines turbulent blood flow?** a\) Streamlined and quiet\ b) Interrupted and chaotic\ c) Occurs only during sleep\ d) Responsible for vein dilation\ e) Increases capillary permeability **Answer:** b) Interrupted and chaotic ### **9. What does Starling\'s Law of the Capillary state?** a\) Blood flows faster in larger arteries.\ b) Filtration and reabsorption are nearly equal.\ c) Veins contract to increase blood flow.\ d) Capillaries are less permeable in the brain.\ e) Elastic arteries maintain diastolic pressure. **Answer:** b) Filtration and reabsorption are nearly equal. ### **10. What is the predominant layer of a large vein?** a\) Tunica media\ b) Tunica interna\ c) Tunica externa\ d) Lamina propria\ e) Basement membrane **Answer:** c) Tunica externa ### **11. Which vessel type has the thickest walls and greatest ability to regulate blood flow?** a\) Arterioles\ b) Elastic arteries\ c) Muscular arteries\ d) Veins\ e) Sinusoids **Answer:** c) Muscular arteries ### **12. What is the primary role of fenestrated capillaries?** a\) Facilitate large molecule transport\ b) Support slow diffusion\ c) Maintain smooth blood flow\ d) Enhance permeability for filtration\ e) Prevent fluid leakage **Answer:** d) Enhance permeability for filtration ### **13. What happens when venous tone increases?** a\) Blood pressure decreases.\ b) Venous return to the heart increases.\ c) Capillary permeability decreases.\ d) Arteries dilate.\ e) Precapillary sphincters close. **Answer:** b) Venous return to the heart increases. ### **14. Which statement is true regarding laminar blood flow?** a\) Blood flows in concentric circles.\ b) It creates Korotkoff sounds.\ c) It occurs primarily in capillaries.\ d) It only happens during rest.\ e) It is interrupted and chaotic. **Answer:** a) Blood flows in concentric circles. ### **15. What mechanism ensures venous blood returns to the heart efficiently?** a\) Increased arterial pressure\ b) Vasoconstriction of arteries\ c) Skeletal muscle contraction\ d) Elastic recoil of veins\ e) Arteriole dilation **Answer:** c) Skeletal muscle contraction ### **16. What type of pressure drives fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end?** a\) Blood colloid osmotic pressure\ b) Blood hydrostatic pressure\ c) Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure\ d) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure\ e) Net osmotic pressure **Answer:** b) Blood hydrostatic pressure ### **17. What are vasa vasorum?** a\) Veins that connect arteries and capillaries\ b) Blood vessels that supply the walls of larger blood vessels\ c) Specialized valves in veins of the legs\ d) Arterioles leading to capillary beds\ e) Capillaries found in endocrine glands **Answer:** b) Blood vessels that supply the walls of larger blood vessels ### **18. What defines arteriosclerosis?** a\) Inflammation of the arterial wall\ b) Hardening and loss of elasticity in arteries\ c) Plaque buildup in arterial walls\ d) Enlargement of veins\ e) Thickening of capillary walls **Answer:** b) Hardening and loss of elasticity in arteries ### **19. Which structure is responsible for capillary wall permeability?** a\) Fenestrations\ b) Tunica media\ c) Tunica externa\ d) Lamina propria\ e) Precapillary sphincters **Answer:** a) Fenestrations ### **20. Which portal vein system connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?** a\) Hepatic portal system\ b) Renal portal system\ c) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system\ d) Sinusoidal portal system\ e) Vasa vasorum **Answer:** c) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system ### **21. Which capillary type is most commonly found in muscle and nervous tissue?** a\) Fenestrated capillaries\ b) Continuous capillaries\ c) Sinusoidal capillaries\ d) Portal capillaries\ e) Metarterioles **Answer:** b) Continuous capillaries ### **22. What type of capillary is characterized by large fenestrae and minimal basement membrane?** a\) Continuous capillaries\ b) Fenestrated capillaries\ c) Sinusoidal capillaries\ d) Thoroughfare capillaries\ e) Lymphatic capillaries **Answer:** c) Sinusoidal capillaries ### **23. What term describes veins that begin and end in capillary networks?** a\) Arteriovenous shunts\ b) Thoroughfare veins\ c) Portal veins\ d) Anastomotic veins\ e) Sinusoidal veins **Answer:** c) Portal veins ### **24. Which capillary mechanism is responsible for moving large molecules like proteins?** a\) Diffusion\ b) Transcytosis\ c) Osmosis\ d) Bulk flow\ e) Filtration **Answer:** b) Transcytosis ### **25. What type of vessel is most responsible for directing blood flow to tissues?** a\) Elastic arteries\ b) Muscular arteries\ c) Capillaries\ d) Venules\ e) Lymphatic vessels **Answer:** b) Muscular arteries ### **26. Which vessel type is most affected by sympathetic stimulation to increase venous return?** a\) Capillaries\ b) Arterioles\ c) Veins\ d) Elastic arteries\ e) Lymphatic vessels **Answer:** c) Veins ### **27. What happens at the venous end of a capillary according to Starling\'s law?** a\) Filtration exceeds reabsorption.\ b) Reabsorption exceeds filtration.\ c) Hydrostatic pressure is high.\ d) Osmotic pressure is negligible.\ e) Fluid remains in the interstitial space. **Answer:** b) Reabsorption exceeds filtration. ### **28. What is a key feature of the tunica media in arteries?** a\) Contains connective tissue with scattered elastic fibers.\ b) Composed of smooth muscle arranged circularly around the vessel.\ c) Includes large fenestrae for filtration.\ d) Is thicker in veins than in arteries.\ e) Regulates capillary permeability. **Answer:** b) Composed of smooth muscle arranged circularly around the vessel. ### **29. Which blood vessel layer merges with surrounding connective tissue?** a\) Tunica intima\ b) Tunica externa\ c) Tunica media\ d) Endothelium\ e) Lamina propria **Answer:** b) Tunica externa ### **30. Which condition involves plaque deposition on arterial walls?** a\) Arteriosclerosis\ b) Atherosclerosis\ c) Vasodilation\ d) Thrombosis\ e) Venoconstriction **Answer:** b) Atherosclerosis ### **31. Which vessels allow for the most rapid exchange of large molecules?** a\) Continuous capillaries\ b) Fenestrated capillaries\ c) Sinusoidal capillaries\ d) Muscular arteries\ e) Arterioles **Answer:** c) Sinusoidal capillaries ### **32. What is the function of precapillary sphincters?** a\) Prevent backflow of blood in veins.\ b) Regulate blood flow into capillary networks.\ c) Increase venous tone.\ d) Strengthen capillary walls.\ e) Create turbulent blood flow. **Answer:** b) Regulate blood flow into capillary networks. ### **33. Which blood pressure measurement corresponds to the relaxation of the heart?** a\) Systolic pressure\ b) Diastolic pressure\ c) Mean arterial pressure\ d) Hydrostatic pressure\ e) Venous pressure **Answer:** b) Diastolic pressure ### **34. What mechanism contributes to venous blood flow in the legs?** a\) Gravity\ b) Skeletal muscle pumps\ c) High arterial pressure\ d) Continuous vasodilation\ e) Fenestrated capillaries **Answer:** b) Skeletal muscle pumps ### **35. Which of the following is an example of hydrostatic pressure?** a\) Blood pressure in arteries\ b) Osmotic pull of proteins\ c) Water movement through fenestrations\ d) Diffusion of oxygen across capillaries\ e) Bulk flow in veins **Answer:** a) Blood pressure in arteries ### **36. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of a capillary?** a\) Hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure.\ b) Osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure.\ c) Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures are equal.\ d) No net movement occurs.\ e) Fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries. **Answer:** a) Hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure. ### **37. What is a function of elastic arteries?** a\) Direct blood flow to tissues.\ b) Store blood during diastole.\ c) Withstand high-pressure fluctuations.\ d) Regulate capillary permeability.\ e) Facilitate gas exchange. **Answer:** c) Withstand high-pressure fluctuations. ### **38. Where are valves more numerous in veins?** a\) Veins of the lower extremities\ b) Veins of the upper extremities\ c) Portal veins\ d) Sinusoidal veins\ e) Large veins near the heart **Answer:** a) Veins of the lower extremities ### **39. What distinguishes thoroughfare channels from true capillaries?** a\) They lack endothelium.\ b) They provide a direct path for blood flow.\ c) They regulate permeability.\ d) They contain smooth muscle cells.\ e) They have large fenestrae. **Answer:** b) They provide a direct path for blood flow. ### **40. What defines venoconstriction?** a\) Constriction of arterial smooth muscle\ b) Relaxation of venous smooth muscle\ c) Increased venous return to the heart\ d) Decreased venous return to the heart\ e) Narrowing of capillary walls **Answer:** c) Increased venous return to the heart ### **41. Which blood vessel type is most important for nutrient and gas exchange?** a\) Arterioles\ b) Capillaries\ c) Venules\ d) Elastic arteries\ e) Portal veins **Answer:** b) Capillaries ### **42. What happens to blood flow when resistance increases?** a\) Blood flow increases.\ b) Blood flow decreases.\ c) Blood flow remains constant.\ d) Blood flow becomes turbulent.\ e) Blood flow reverses direction. **Answer:** b) Blood flow decreases. ### **43. Which process moves lipid-soluble molecules across capillary walls?** a\) Bulk flow\ b) Diffusion\ c) Filtration\ d) Transcytosis\ e) Osmosis **Answer:** b) Diffusion ### **44. What is a key characteristic of muscular arteries?** a\) They contain numerous elastic fibers.\ b) They regulate blood supply to regions of the body.\ c) They lack smooth muscle cells.\ d) They have minimal resistance to blood flow.\ e) They are the smallest type of artery. **Answer:** b) They regulate blood supply to regions of the body. ### **45. What creates Korotkoff sounds during blood pressure measurement?** a\) Laminar blood flow\ b) Turbulent blood flow\ c) Venous return\ d) Vasoconstriction\ e) Arterial recoil **Answer:** b) Turbulent blood flow ### **46. What happens to capillary permeability during inflammation?** a\) Decreases to prevent fluid loss\ b) Increases to allow immune cell passage\ c) Remains constant\ d) Becomes selective for lipids\ e) Converts to a continuous structure **Answer:** b) Increases to allow immune cell passage ### **47. What is the role of blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?** a\) Drives fluid into capillaries.\ b) Pushes fluid out of capillaries.\ c) Maintains arterial elasticity.\ d) Increases venous tone.\ e) Regulates smooth muscle contraction. **Answer:** a) Drives fluid into capillaries. ### **48. How does arterial pressure change as blood moves to capillaries?** a\) Increases significantly\ b) Decreases significantly\ c) Remains constant\ d) Fluctuates randomly\ e) Matches venous pressure **Answer:** b) Decreases significantly ### **49. What is the predominant type of pressure at the venous end of a capillary?** a\) Hydrostatic pressure\ b) Osmotic pressure\ c) Arterial pressure\ d) Venous pressure\ e) Interstitial fluid pressure **Answer:** b) Osmotic pressure ### **50. What is the effect of skeletal muscle contraction on veins?** a\) Reduces venous tone\ b) Forces blood toward the heart\ c) Increases capillary filtration\ d) Creates turbulent flow\ e) Causes vasodilation **Answer:** b) Forces blood toward the heart