Solutions and Solvents Lessons 4-6 PDF

Pure Substances & Mixtures Lessons 4-6  UNIT Learnings Matter can be classifi The particle theory of ed according to its matter helps to explain physical characteristics. the physical characteristics of matter...

Pure Substances & Mixtures Lessons 4-6  UNIT Learnings Matter can be classifi The particle theory of ed according to its matter helps to explain physical characteristics. the physical characteristics of matter. Pure substances and Understanding the mixtures have an impact characteristics of on society and the matter allows us to environment. make informed choices about how we use it.  0 4 Solutions, Solvents & Solutes  LESSON GOALS 01 02 03 04 Understand that a Understand the Analyze the impact Use skills of solution is a mixture difference between Solvents have on scientific inquiry to that looks like a a solute and solvent the environment. classify matter as a pure substance. solute or solvent.  Minds ON!! Let’s make some lemonade!! What are the parts of this solution? Are they elements, compounds, homogeneous or heterogeneous? Water Lemonade powder Let’s watch what happens....  Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent. Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves to produce a homogeneous mixture. The part that is present in the larger quantity is generally the solvent.l Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture. The part that is present in the smaller quantity is generally the solute. For your drink mixture: what was the solvent and what was the solution?  Liquid Solutions You are probably most familiar with solutions that are liquids. These all have liquid solvents. In food preparation, the solvents are usually liquids like water or vegetable oil. Water is the most common solvent on Earth. Other solvents, besides water, are also useful: Ethanol is the solvent in perfume. Turpentine is a solvent that is used with paints. Ethyl acetate is one of the solvents in nail polish.  Liquid Solutions The solutes that dissolve in liquids may be solids, liquids, or gases. Salt and sugar are common solid solutes. Acetic acid is a liquid solute that can be added to water to form vinegar. Gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen dissolve in our blood and are carried around our bodies. Can you think of other solids, liquids, and gases (solutes) that dissolve in liquids to form solutions? Recap:  Water: The Universal Solvent Water dissolves more types of substances than any other solvent. For this reason, water is sometimes called “the universal solvent.” Water is the solvent in many important solutions. Water: The Universal Solvent The water from your tap probably looks and tastes like pure water. However, tap water is a solution that contains many solutes. These solutes include iron, aluminum, salt, fluorine, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine. How did they get into your tap water?  Water: The Universal Solvent As water flows in rivers and lakes and underground, it comes into contact with many types of matter. Gases from the air and minerals from the rocks and soil dissolve in the water. Pollutants may also dissolve in the water. Plants and animals get some of the nutrients they need from water. However, water can dissolve pollutants, too. Pollution includes any pure substance or mixture that contaminates the natural environment.  Water: The Universal Solvent Before water reaches your tap, it is cleaned to make it safe for drinking. Chlorine and fluorine are sometimes added to the water. Chlorine kills bacteria, and fluorine may help keep your teeth healthy.  Solid Solutions Not all solutions are liquids. Solutions can also be solids. In a solid solution, both the solvent and the solute are solids. For example; The gold used to make jewellery is often called “14 karat gold.” Pure gold is 24 karat gold, so 14 karat gold is made up of 14 parts of gold to 10 parts of other metals—generally silver, copper, nickel, or palladium. In this case, gold is the solvent and the other metals are the solutes.  Solid Solutions Solid solutions are called “alloys” when they contain two or more metals. To make alloys, the metals are heated until they melt, and then they are mixed together and allowed to cool. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc: Cu3Zn2 Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin: CuSn In both brass and bronze, copper is the solvent. What are the solutes?  Gas Solutions The air you breathe is about 78 % nitrogen gas, 21 % oxygen gas, and 1 % argon gas, along with smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. Air is therefore a solution that is a gas. What is the solvent of this solution? What are the solutes? In all gas solutions, both the solvent and the solutes are gases. Other gas solutions include the gasoline-air mixture in a car engine, and the perfume that you may smell in the air as someone walks by you.  YOUR TASK Complete the slides on the Google Classroom to consolidate your learning.  0 5 SOLUBILITY  LESSON GOALS 01 02 03 04 Use particle theory Explore the term Explore the term Use skills of to explain how a “Concentration” that “Solubility” that scientific inquiry to solute dissolves in a describes a solution. describes a solute. observe the solvent. solubilities of different samples of matter.  MINDS ON!! Mrs. KP is a magician! Watch her take two full glasses of Matter and make one... DISAPPEAR!! Why didn’t the milk overflow!?!? NOW IT’S YOUR TURN! You will now conduct your own experiment with the materials provided. Use the given procedure handout, to help organize and document your findings. Lesson 5 Experiment #1 Quick Review: The Particle Theory The Particle Theory explains how ALL matter is structured and how it reacts when conditions are changed. It has 5 rules (sometimes 6). RULE #1 : ALL MATTER IS MADE OF PARTICLES RULE #2 : ALL PARTICLES HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEM  RULE #3 : ALL PARTICLES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE ARE THE SAME  RULE #4 : ALL PARTICLES ARE IN CONSTANTLY IN MOTION; WHEN HEATED THEY MOVE FASTER SOLID LIQUID GAS RULE #5 : ALL PARTICLES ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER. PARTICLE BEHAVIOUR in Different States of Matter  Solubility What do you think makes a solute soluble?  Solubility Lab If a solid dissolves in a liquid, then the solvent is soluble in that specific solvent. This tells you that the solute and solvent particles are strongly attracted to each other. What will happen if the particles are not strongly attracted to each other? You will now conduct your own experiment with the materials provided. Use the given procedure handout, to help organize and document your findings. Lesson 5 Experiment  7-1 Lab Groups 1. Alejandro, Akshit, Holly, Reanna 2. Erum, Hannah, Isam, Preston 3. John, Reiyan, Sanvi, Kate 4. Khaled, Ethan, Ana, Elly, Ella 5. Bannie, Harneet, Burhan, Justin 6. Santi, Jay, Kavya, Amrutha, Aarshi 5.5 Lab take up  06 Concentration and solubility  Concentrated and Dilute Solutions The words “concentrated” and “dilute” are used to describe how much solute is in a certain volume of solution. A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute in a volume of solution. This picture shows a model of the A dilute solution has a small particles of a concentrated solution amount of solute in a similar to a model of the particles of a dilute volume of solution. solution.  Concentrated and Dilute Solutions Miss Gwillam loves her hot chocolate super chocolatey... where as Miss Taylor likes her hot chocolate ‘weaker’. Describe what Miss Gwillam and Miss Taylor will do differently to make their hot chocolate using Cocoa Mix and Water. Use proper scientific terminology in your description. TURN and TALK.  Calculating Concentration The concentration of a solution is the quantity of solute in a certain volume of solution. The more solute dissolved, the greater the concentration. Suppose 100 mL of solution contains 5.0 g of sugar. The concentration of sugar in that solution is 5.0 g/ 100 mL. One way to express the concentration of liquids is as the mass of solute (in grams) in 100 mL of solution.  Calculating Concentration Let’s give it a try! Suppose a solution contains 6.0 g of sugar in 200 mL of sugar-and-water solution. What is the concentration of the sugar-and-water solution?  Calculating Concentration Try this one with your elbow partner: A 1000 mL container of brand A juice drink contains 250 mL of juice and 750 mL of water. A 600 mL container of brand B juice drink contains 200 mL of juice and 400 mL of water. Which brand of juice drink is more concentrated, brand A or brand B?  Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions What would happen if your friend continued to add drink powder to a glass of fruit punch? Eventually, no more powder would dissolve. The solution would be saturated. A saturated solution is a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved. An unsaturated solution is a solution that still has room for more solute to dissolve.  SOLUBILITY You now know that there is a limit to the amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent. Chemists call this amount the solubility of a solute: the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given volume of solvent at a particular temperature. When this amount of solute has dissolved, a saturated solution has been formed. Solubility can be measured in grams of solute per 100 mL of solvent at room temperature.  SOLUBILITY Remember the distinction between concentration and solubility. Concentration is measured in grams of solute per 100 mL of solution (g/ 100 mL solution), Solubility is measured in grams of solute per 100 mL of solvent (g/ 100 mL solvent). Different solutes have different solubilities, the solubility of a solute changes depending on different factors.  YOUR TASK Complete the practice problems on the Google Classroom to consolidate your learning. YOUR TASK Complete the slides on the Google Classroom to consolidate your learning.