S8 UA Topic 1_2 Slides (1) PDF

Mix and Flow of Matter Unit A Science Safety 1.1 Hazard Symbols Some of the materials that we use are hazardous. We need to pay attention to labels and instructions to be aware of how to use, store, and dispose of chemicals properly. All hazardous materials have...

Mix and Flow of Matter Unit A Science Safety 1.1 Hazard Symbols Some of the materials that we use are hazardous. We need to pay attention to labels and instructions to be aware of how to use, store, and dispose of chemicals properly. All hazardous materials have a label showing a Hazard Symbol There are two pieces of information about each hazard symbol. The first is the shape A yellow triangle means caution An orange diamond means warning A red octagon means danger The second piece of information is a picture inside the shape that indicates the type of hazard. WHMIS WHMIS = Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System WHMIS symbols were designed to help protect people who use potentially harmful materials at work. Beirut Explosion - August 2020 Caused by improper storage of ammonium nitrate Lab Safety Rules Safety begins with YOU In any science activity, you should be prepared to: Follow the safety instructions outlined by your teacher and the text Keep an eye open for possible hazards, and report them immediately Show respect and concern for your own safety and the safety of your Assignment 1. Choose five of the lab safety rules given on page 4. For each one, explain briefly why it’s important to follow it. Give an example of what could happen to a student who didn’t follow that rule. 2. What do the hazard labels on the following bottles mean? Properties of Fluids 1.2 Classify the following substances as fluids or non-fluids  Watertap Photo by Skitterphoto, Pixabay 1 Water_ 2 Grass_ Grass Photo by LoggaWiggler, Pixabay 3 Pebbles _ Rock Photo by sarajuggernaut, Pixabay 4 Orange Juice_ Orange Juice Photo by JESHOOTS-com, Pixabay  What are What is a some fluid? example (definition s of and fluids? characteristi cs) Fill in your chart Write what you know Test your understanding! Do these next examples fit your definition and characteristics? 5 Sand Photo by hbieser, Pixabay Sand_ 6 Peanut Butter_ Peanut Butter Photo by stevepb, Pixabay 7 Air_ Cloud Photo by Pexels, Pixabay 8 Steam_ Nuclear Power Plant Photo by distelAPPArath, Pixabay Refine your definition and examples of fluids.  What are What can fluids fluids not? look like? Add to your (non- (drawing) character chart istics) Write / show what you know Test your understanding! Do these next examples fit your non- characteristics and drawing?  9 Salad Dressing_ Salad Dressing Photo by ailinder, Pixabay 1 Photo by stevepb, Pixabay 0 Oil_ 1 1 Oxygen_ Scuba Diving Photo by Skitterphoto, Pixabay 1 Sugar Photo by Seleneart, Pixabay 2 Sugar_ Refine your non- characteristics and drawing. Compare your chart: What are What is a What are What can some fluid? fluids not? fluids look example (definition (non- like? s of and characteristi fluids? characteristic cs) s) Liquids A substance Fluids are like that flows not like water and has no solids. and definite They don’t gases shape. have a like air definite are shape. What is a Fluid? Because it is a fluid, water can be moved around your house through pipes. Other fluids include: natural gas, milk, and air. Fluids are substances that: - flow - take on the shape of their container. What is a Fluid? Solids are not fluids. They do not flow, even though sometimes pouring granulated solids can look like flowing. What is a Fluid? Identify whether each substance in the table on page 5 is a fluid or not. Include the evidence that you used to come to your conclusion. The first one has been completed for you.  Flow Investigation If you were to pour a liquid and a granulated solid onto a flat surface - what would it look like?  Flow Investigation Granulated solids can be poured and will form a moveable pile, but they don’t flow on their own. Liquids can be poured and will flatten out and spread out across the surface on their own. This is the property of flow in action! Particle Model of Matter We can explain flow using the Particle Model of Matter. All matter is made up of particles with spaces between them and attractive forces that keep the particles together. Particle Model of Matter In liquids and gases, the spaces between particles tend to be larger and the attractive forces between them tend to be weaker, so the particles can slide past one another. Particle Model of Matter In solids, the spaces between particles tend to be smaller and the attractive forces between them tend to be stronger, so the particles cannot slide past each other and instead stay stacked together. Lubricants The property of flow makes fluids an ideal choice for applications where we need to reduce the amount of friction between moving parts. For example: a door hinge loses the lubricant between them over time. This causes more friction and a squeaky door! You can apply a fluid lubricant to the hinge to reduce the friction! Slurries A mixture of water and solids is called a slurry. - Ex: Washing off a coating of mud from your driveway with a hose. Slurry technology— the transport of solids in water—is important in many applications. One of these is in mining oil sands. Slurries Syncrude in Alberta is the world’s largest producer of oil from oil sands. Syncrude started out by using conveyor belts to move the oil sand from the mine to the processing plant (very expensive). Now Syncrude creates an oil-sand slurry at the mine site and pumps this slurry through pipelines to the processing plant (much Fluids Become Solids Fluids are easy to move, and they take the shape of containers. Many of the things we see and use as solids were originally prepared as fluids. Fluids Become Solids - Glass manufactured by heating a mixture of substances that includes sand, limestone, and other carbonates. Other materials can be added to give the glass colour or special qualities. The mixture is heated in a furnace at 1000°C until it becomes a fluid. This allows it to be shaped into the form needed for particular uses, such as bottles, windows, or fibre-optic strands. Fluid Compressibility Compression is a squeezing force. The effect of compression on a fluid depends on whether it is a liquid or a gas. Fluid Compressibility In gases, the particles have large spaces between them, so when they experience compressive force, the particles can be pushed closer together and the overall volume of the substance is decreased. We say that gases are compressible. Fluid Compressibility In liquids, the particles do not have as much space between them, so when they experience compressive force, the particles cannot be pushed closer together and the overall volume stays the same. We say that liquids are virtually* incompressible. What about solids? Fluid Compressibility When gases are compressed in a sealed container, we say that they are under pressure. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) symbol to the right is used to warn people of products containing gas under pressure Fluid Compressibility When under pressure, particles of gas have the same amount of energy but less space, so they are constantly pushing against each other and the container, trying to spread out again. When given a way to escape, the particles will leave the container with great force Fluid Compressibility This property makes gases a great choice for products like aerosol sprays and pneumatic tools (e.g., jackhammers, nail guns), but it also makes those products hazardous. A punctured compressed gas container could become a missile, and a heated compressed gas container could explode. Fluid Compressibility https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAvC1gWtWJk&fe ature=youtu.be DO: Topic 1 Review -you may use your computers Classifyin g 2.1 anything that has mass and takes up space Classifying Matter One way that we can understand matter is by sorting it into categories based upon its properties. We can classify matter into Pure Substances, and Mixtures Pure Substance A pure substance is made up of only one kind of matter and has its own unique set of properties. Pure Substance Element: the smallest amount of matter cannot be broken down any further o Examples: o Gold, iron, copper Pure Substance Compound: 2 or more elements put together in a fixed arrangement o Examples: o Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) Mixtures Mixtures A mixture is a combination of 2 or more pure substances. Mixture Mechanical or heterogeneous mixture: each substance in the mixture is visible o Examples: o Chocolate chip cookie, salad, pizza Mixture Solution or homogeneous mixture: the substances are fully mixed, so you cannot see the different parts o Examples: o Saltwater, honey in tea Mixture Suspension: a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles are suspended (float on top) and can be filtered out o Examples: o concentrated orange juice with pulp on top, muddy water Mixture Colloid / Emulsion: a cloudy mixture that cannot be separated or filtered out because the particles are too small o Examples: o homogenized milk contains tiny drops of cream that can’t be separated out.  Classifying Matter Sort 1.Refer to the definitions of pure substances, mixtures and solutions, and sort the substances into one of the four categories.  Matter Classification Key One tool that we can use when trying to distinguish between and classify substances is a classification key. Much like a flow chart, a classification key guides us through steps and questions that help us to sort things. Matter Classification Key An example of a classification key for solids, liquids, and gases might look like this: Matter Classification Key 1. Create a classification key that will help you sort matter into pure substances, mechanical mixtures or solutions. Think about: the defining properties of each class characteristics, or properties, that are unique to each class of matter Concentration and Solubility 2.2 Solutions Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances where the particles of each substance fully integrate with the others. Unlike mechanical mixtures, solutions look like one substance, and it is more difficult to separate the parts. Solvents and Solutes Solutions are made up of a solvent and at least one solute. Solutes are the substances dissolved into the solvent. Sugar water is a solution often used by beekeepers to feed honey bees. In a sugar water solution, the solvent is water and the Solvents and Solutes Water is often the solvent in solutions, but other substances can also be solvents. For example, air is a solution composed of oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen. In the table on your workbook, identify the solute and solvent in each solution. The first one has been done for you. Concentration One of the properties of a solution is its concentration. Concentration is a description of the amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent in a solution. Concentration We can describe the concentration of a solution qualitatively: - Unsaturated/diluted means that more solute could still be dissolved in the solvent. Concentration - Saturated means that the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in a solvent. - Every solution has a saturation point at a given temperature. This occurs when no more SOLUTE can be dissolved in that volume of solvent at Concentration - Supersaturated means that the solvent has dissolved more solute than it could under standard conditions. Concentration Because concentration is a ratio, we can also describe concentration quantitatively. - For example, if 300 g of solute is dissolved in 500 mL of solvent we could record the solution’s concentration as 300 g / 500 mL OR 0.6 g/mL DO: 2.2 Review Solubilit y 2.3  Dissolving Dissolving is the process where a solute’s individual particles mix completely with a solvent’s particles over time. When a solute is able to dissolve, we call it soluble. Dissolving  Insolubility Some substances’ particles do not mix with a solvent’s, this is called insoluble. For example, oil is insoluble in water. Insolubility Solubility Rate Different substances have different solubility rates and saturation points. Aqueous solutions refers to when a solute is dissolved in water. Water is the “universal solvent.” It is the most available natural resource on this Earth, so many substances become dissolved within it. Solubility Rate - Gasses and solids can also act as solvents - Oxygen dissolved in nitrogen - Benzene dissolved in rubber Solubility Rate Solubility depends on 3 factors: 1.Type of solute 2.Type of solvent 3.Temperature (For liquids and solids: as temperature ↑ solubility ↑, but this is reverse for gases) Investigatio n: Solubility of Sugar in Water When a solute dissolves in a certain solvent, we say that it is soluble in that solvent. When a substance does not dissolve in a certain solvent, we say that it is insoluble in that solvent. Solutes can be soluble in some solvents but insoluble in others. For example, permanent ink is insoluble in water, but soluble in rubbing alcohol. - A student was conducting an investigation into the solubility of sugar in water. She wanted to determine the maximum amount of sugar that can be dissolved in 250 mL of water. - She first made a solution by dissolving 200 g of sugar into 250 mL of room temperature water. Then she added more sugar, 25 grams at a time, until no more would dissolve. - She then wondered if heating up the water would affect how much sugar she could dissolve. She warmed the beaker on a hot plate and added the rest of the sugar she had Investigatio n: Solubility of Sugar in Water Particle Model of Matter 2.4 The Particle Model of Matter The process of dissolving can be explained using the Particle Model of Matter. The Particle Model of Matter 1.All matter is made up of tiny particles 2. The particles of matter are always moving The Particle Model of Matter 3. The particles of matter may be attracted to each other or bonded together The Particle Model of Matter 4. The particles of matter have spaces between them The Particle Model of Matter Particles that make up matter have attractive forces between them. When the particles in a solute are more attracted to the particles of solvent than they are to each other, the solutes particles are pulled apart by the solvents particles. This attraction also explains why particles of solute stay dissolved in a solution. The Particle Model of Matter Investigatio n: Rate of Dissolving Complete lab 1. Get into partners 2. Get 4 cups, 4 sugar cubes, and 1 spoon 3. Fill in the variables and the prediction 4. Follow the procedure in your lab exercise 5. Fill in the observation table 6. Answer the conclusion questions 7. Complete the crossword puzzle 8. Show Ms. Gelmini your