BIOL2402 Lecture Exam 1 Review Part 1 PDF

BIOL2402- SP’25 Lecture Exam 1 Review Part 1 1. **Blood Type A**: - RBC Antigens: A antigens. - Plasma Antibodies: Anti-B antibodies. - Compatible Recipients: A, AB. 2. **Blood Type AB**: - RBC Antigens: A and B antigens. - Plasma A...

BIOL2402- SP’25 Lecture Exam 1 Review Part 1 1. **Blood Type A**: - RBC Antigens: A antigens. - Plasma Antibodies: Anti-B antibodies. - Compatible Recipients: A, AB. 2. **Blood Type AB**: - RBC Antigens: A and B antigens. - Plasma Antibodies: None (universal plasma donor). - Compatible Donors: A, B, AB, O. 3. **WBCs classified as granulocytes**: - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. 4. **Rank WBCs from least to most numerous**: - Basophils < Eosinophils < Monocytes < Lymphocytes < Neutrophils. 5. **Formed element of blood**: - Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and Thrombocytes (Platelets). 6. **Rank blood components after centrifugation** (top to bottom): - Plasma (top) → Buffy coat (middle, contains WBCs and platelets) → Erythrocytes (bottom). 7. **Circuit from the right ventricle to the lungs**: - Pulmonary circuit. 8. **Double-walled sac surrounding the heart**: - Pericardium. 9. **Compatibility of blood transfusions**: - Transfusion compatibility depends on blood type and antibodies present. 10. **Location where WBCs spend most of their lives**: - In tissues, primarily in lymphoid organs (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes). 11. **Hemostasis definition**: - The process of stopping bleeding, involving vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. 12. **Functions of blood**: - Oxygen and nutrient transport, waste removal, immune defense, regulation of temperature and pH. 13. **Components of the buffy coat**: - White blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. 14. **Most abundant protein in plasma**: - Albumin. 15. **Gases transported by RBCs**: - Oxygen and carbon dioxide. 16. **Binding of O2 & CO2 to hemoglobin**: - O2 binds to iron in hemoglobin, while CO2 binds to the globin portion. 17. **Excess iron stored in the liver**: - Ferritin. 18. **Cells that monocytes differentiate into**: - Macrophages. 19. **Substance that differentiates serum from plasma**: - Plasma contains fibrinogen, which is absent in serum. 20. **Substance O2 is bound to in blood**: - Hemoglobin. 21. **Antigens on RBCs for blood types A, B, AB, O**: - Type A: A antigen. - Type B: B antigen. - Type AB: A and B antigens. - Type O: No A or B antigens. 22. **Agglutination when mixing Type O with anti-A and anti-B sera**: - No agglutination in both wells. 23. **Agglutination when mixing Type A with anti-A and anti-B sera**: - Agglutination in the anti-A well, none in the anti-B well. 24. **Cell with a large nucleus filling most of the cell**: - Lymphocyte. 25. **Most abundant WBC in normal differential count**: - Neutrophils. 26. **Formed element with the highest percentage of blood volume**: - Erythrocytes (RBCs), measurement: Hematocrit. 27. **Valve between atria and ventricles**: - Atrioventricular (AV) valves (Tricuspid on the right, Mitral on the left). 28. **Structure of the heart that performs its work**: - Myocardium (heart muscle). 29. **Vessels carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart**: - Pulmonary arteries and vena cava. 30. **Space enclosing the heart**: - Pericardial cavity. 31. **Pacemaker of the heart**: - Sinoatrial (SA) node. 32. **Parts of the heart conduction system**: - SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers. 33. **Number of vessels returning blood to the heart**: - 4 (2 pulmonary veins, 2 vena cavae). 34. **Number of vessels returning blood to the right side of the heart**: - 2 (superior and inferior vena cava). 35. **Number of vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart**: - 2 (pulmonary veins). 36. **Number of vessels returning non-oxygenated blood to the heart**: - 2 (vena cavae). 37. **Where the greatest volume of blood is found**: - Veins. 38. **Structure regulating blood flow through capillary bed**: - Precapillary sphincters. 39. **Circulatory site for exchange of nutrients and gases**: - Capillaries. 40. **Collection site of venous blood from coronary circulation**:  - Coronary sinus. 41. **Suggestive diagnosis of an abnormally high number of monocytes**: - Chronic infections, leukemia, or inflammatory conditions. 42. **Development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies**: - Yes, anti-A and anti-B antibodies develop naturally without prior exposure. 43. **Blood incompatibility results from plasma antibodies against RBC antigens**: - Yes. 44. **Coagulation starts with vascular spasm and ends with platelet plug formation**: - Yes. 45. **Organs where most RBCs die**: - Spleen and liver. 46. **Nutrient deficiency causing pernicious anemia**: - Vitamin B12. 47. **Blood type of the universal RBC donor**: - O negative. 48. **Antigens and antibodies in type B, Rh-positive blood**:  - Antigens: B, Rh. - Antibodies: Anti-A. 49. **Least abundant formed element**: - Basophils. 50. **WBCs increasing in response to bacterial infections**: - Neutrophils. 51. **WBCs aiding in defense by secreting histamine and heparin**: - Basophils. 52. **Condition of having WBC count > 10,000 WBCs/μL**: - Leukocytosis. 53. **Largest leukocyte with kidney-shaped nucleus**: - Monocytes. 54. **Term for abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels**: - Thrombosis. - Term for broken clot traveling in bloodstream: Embolism. 55. **Location of hematopoietic stem cells**: - Bone marrow. 56. **Pulmonary circuit supplied by both right and left sides of the heart**:  - No, only the right side of the heart supplies the pulmonary circuit. 57. **Systemic circuit contains oxygen-rich blood only**: - Yes. 58. **Vessels belonging to the pulmonary circuit**: - Pulmonary arteries (carry deoxygenated blood) and pulmonary veins (carry oxygenated blood). 59. **Apex of the heart relative to the midline**: - The apex points downward and to the left of the midline. 60. **Superior and inferior chambers of the heart**: - Superior: Atrium. - Inferior: Ventricle. 61. **Right AV valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between**: - Right atrium and right ventricle. 62. **Heart valves through which oxygen-poor blood passes**: - Tricuspid and pulmonary valves. 63. **Valve regulating flow between right ventricle and lungs**: - Pulmonary valve. 64. **Where chordae tendineae are anchored in ventricles**: - Papillary muscles. 65. **Influx of what ions causes pacemaker potential**: - Sodium (Na+). 66. **Heart rate if the SA node is damaged**: - Slower, controlled by the AV node (40-60 bpm). 67. **Source of Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction**: - Sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid. 68. **Cause of the first heart sound**: - Closure of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral). 69. **Cause of the second heart sound**: - Closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary). 70. **Pulse pressure definition**: - The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. 71. **Stroke volume definition**: - The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per beat. 72. **Bradycardia definition**: - Slow heart rate, usually