Lab 16 Blood Lab PDF

Lab 15: Blood Learning outcomes of the lab exercises: 1. Describe the structure & function of RBCs, WBCs, & platelets 2. Identify the 5 types of WBCs using a microscope or image (i.e., micrograph) 3. Interpret the results of a hematocrit test 4. Analyze ABO/Rh blood typing results “Reca...

Lab 15: Blood Learning outcomes of the lab exercises: 1. Describe the structure & function of RBCs, WBCs, & platelets 2. Identify the 5 types of WBCs using a microscope or image (i.e., micrograph) 3. Interpret the results of a hematocrit test 4. Analyze ABO/Rh blood typing results “Recall that blood is a connective tissue. Like all connective tissues, it is made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix. The cellular elements—referred to as the formed elements—include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and cell fragments called platelets. The extracellular matrix, called plasma, makes blood unique among connective tissues because it is fluid. This fluid, which is mostly water, perpetually suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system. The primary function of blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove wastes from body cells, but that is only the beginning of the story. The specific functions of blood also include defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis.” (OpenStax A&P, pg. 794) Blood Cell/Formed Elements Identification A. Erythrocytes (= Red Blood Cells (RBCs)): - Biconcave discs - Small: 7-8 μm diameter - 4 to 6 million per μL of blood - Transports O2 & CO2 B. Platelets: - Incomplete fragments of a larger precursor cell, the megakaryocyte - Appear to be debris compared to other blood cells - Small: 2-4 μm diameter - 150,000 to 400,000 per μL of blood - Blood clotting C. Leukocytes (= White Blood Cells (WBCs): OpenStax A&P, pg. 804 1.) Granulocytes Neutrophils - Stain: light purple/lilac granules - Multilobed nucleus - Size: 10-12 μm diameter - 3000 to 7000 per μL of blood, 50-70% total WBCs - Phagocytize bacteria & fungi 1  Eosinophils: - Stain: red-orange granules - Bilobed nucleus - Size: 10-12 μm diameter - 100 to 400 per μL of blood, 2-4% total WBCs - Antihistamine, attack parasitic worms, dispose of antigen-antibody complexes (pathogens & allergens) Basophils: - Stain: dark blue-purple granules - Bilobed nucleus (may be hard to see) - Size: 8-10 μm diameter - 20 to 50 per μL of blood, >1% total WBCs - Histamine (inflammation), heparin (inhibits blood clotting) 2.) Agranulocytes Monocytes: - Stain: clear-light blue cytoplasm - Large indented/U-shaped nucleus - Size: 12-20 μm diameter - 100 to 700 per μL of blood, 2-8% total WBCs - Macrophages (diapedesis); phagocytize pathogens, debris, old RBCs & damaged cells, antimicrobial defensins Lymphocytes: - Stain: clear-light blue cytoplasm (small amount) - Large round nucleus (dominates cell) - Size: 6-14 μm diameter - 5000 to 9000 per μL of blood, 20-30% total WBCs - Non-specific (NK cells) & specific immunity (B-cells & T-cells) Relative abundance of formed elements: 1) Erythrocytes, 2) platelets, 3) neutrophils, 4) lymphocytes, 5) monocytes, 6) eosinophils, 7) basophils “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas” mnemonic for leukocytes: (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) Hematocrit The hematocrit test determines the percentage of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells (RBCs). A normal hematocrit test result for males is about 45% (38-50%) of blood volume. For females, it is about 40% (35-44%) of blood volume. OpenStax A&P, pg. 795 This example has 45% RBCs & 55% plasma (WBC’s