Lecture 5 - Descriptive Research Methods PDF

Descriptive Research Methods Chapter 16 Dr. Andrew S. Perrotta University of Windsor Faculty of Human Kinetics | Department of Kinesiology ASP|2023 Learning Objectives I. State and define various form of descriptive research...

Descriptive Research Methods Chapter 16 Dr. Andrew S. Perrotta University of Windsor Faculty of Human Kinetics | Department of Kinesiology ASP|2023 Learning Objectives I. State and define various form of descriptive research for Kinesiology. ASP|2023 Developmental Research Developmental research: The study of changes in behaviors across years. Although much of the developmental research has focused on infancy, childhood, and adolescence, research on senior citizens and even across the total human life span is increasingly common. ASP|2023 Developmental Research Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2013). Long-term athlete development. Human Kinetics. ASP|2023 Longitudinal Designs Longitudinal studies: Research in which the same participants are studied over a period of years. Longitudinal studies are powerful because the changes in behavior across the time span of interest are seen in the same people. ASP|2023 Cross-Sectional Studies Cross Sectional Studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. *They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants of health, and describe features of a population.* Study Focus: Research in which samples of participants from different age groups are selected to assess the effects of maturation. (Cross sectional approach - collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time) Ex. Are the environmental circumstances that affect jumping performance for six-year-olds the same today as when the 10-year-olds were six? ASP|2023 Cross-Sectional Studies https://time.com/3005611/helicopter-parenting- chilhood-obesity/ Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern. Global pediatric health, 6, 2333794X19891305. ASP|2023 Cross-Sectional Studies “Between 1985 and 2015, jumping performance declined by 16.4 cm or by 11.2%. Adjustment for body mass (BMI) the effect was 32%” Fraser, B. J., Blizzard, L., Tomkinson, G. R., Lycett, K., Wake, M., Burgner, D.,... & Magnussen, C. G. (2019). The great leap backward: changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11− 12-years between 1985 and 2015. Journal of sports sciences, 37(7), 748-754. ASP|2023 Case Study Case study: A form of descriptive research in which a single case is studied in depth to reach a greater understanding about other similar cases. I. Descriptive Case Study: Presents a detailed picture of the phenomenon; however, it does not attempt to test or build theoretical models. II. Interpretive Case Study: Employs description, but the major focus is interpreting the data to classify and conceptualize the information and perhaps theorize about the phenomena. III. Evaluative Case Study: Involves description and interpretation, but the primary purpose is to use the data to evaluate the merit of some practice, program, movement, or event. ASP|2023 Observational Research Observational research: A research technique where you observe participants and phenomena in their most natural settings. Enables researchers to see their subjects make choices and react to situations in their natural setting, as opposed to structured settings like research labs or focus groups. Developing decision making/cognitive ability using sport or laboratory setting? Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 41(3), 154–161 ASP|2023 Observational Research Table 1. Changes in anthropometry over a preseason period. Beginning of Preseason End of Preseason % Diff p value Effect Size (95% CI) Height (cm) 166.0 ± 7.0 166.0 ± 7.0 0.00% 1.0 0.00 Weight (kg) 57.3 ± 6.6 57.4 ± 6.6 0.01% 0.63 0.01 (± 0.04) BF % 24.2 ± 6.0 23.3 ± 5.6 -3.70% 0.001 0.16 (± 0.09) BMI (kg/m2) 20.7 ± 1.5 20.8 ± 1.5 0.17% 0.60 0.02 (± 0.08) Values displayed as a mean (± SD). Values are as follows; BF = body fat %, BMI = body mass index Table 3. Changes in athletic performance measures over a preseason period. Beginning of Preseason End of Preseason % Diff p value Effect Size (95% CI) 5m Running Speed (s) 1.17 ± 0.09 1.20 ± 0.07 2.9 0.09 0.44 (± 0.51) 10m Running Speed (s) 2.00 ± 0.08 2.02 ± 0.07 1.2 0.30 0.31 (± 0.60) Vertical Jump Height (cm) 24.64 ± 3.82 23.60 ± 3.25 -4.9 0.04 -0.35 (± 0.33) YoYo IRTL-1 (m) 925.83 ± 272.79 1062.61 ± 223.31 8.3 0.001 0.56 (± 0.24) Values displayed as a mean (± SD). ASP|2023 Correlational Research Correlational research: is descriptive in that it explores relationships that exist between variables. Correlational research involves no manipulation of variables or no administration of experimental treatments. The basic design of correlational research is to collect data on two or more variables on the same people and determine the interrelationships of the variables. ASP|2023 Correlational Research ASP|2023