Midterm Reviewer MREMAT PDF

Introduction of Research Definition of research Research is a systematic, objective and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering and recording and critical analysis and interpretation of all facts about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends. 1...

Introduction of Research Definition of research Research is a systematic, objective and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering and recording and critical analysis and interpretation of all facts about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends. 1) According to Good And Scates (1972) - Research is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution (or both) of the problem. 2) According to Selltiz and others, (1976) - The word research or re- search implies that the person has “ to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more. 3) According to Halphin (1996) - Research is the process of gathering data of information to solve particular or specific problem in scientific manner. 4) Kerlinger (1986) - Research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation on natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. Importance of Research The role of research in the process of development can be illustrated as follows: Research is crucial in development interventions, as it forms the basis for conceptualizing, planning, and implementing projects or programs. The program's implementation is monitored to ensure it works as planned and achieves its goals. Evaluations are conducted to assess the program's effectiveness and potential negative outcomes. The results of these evaluations are used to re-conceive and plan the program for efficiency and success. Research is a human device designed to expand knowledge and improve individual and group life quality. Types of Educational Research A. Basic and Applied Research Basic research - Conducted for the sake of knowing. - Also known as theoretical research or fundamental research. Applied research - the intention is not just to acquire knowledge but to use that knowledge to solve a problem. - Also known as practical research. B. Other Types of Research a) Qualitative research - used to understand underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.  - it provides insights to the problem or help to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. - Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques ( ex: Focus group ( group discussion), individual interviews, and participation or observations. Under Qualitative research are: Ethnographic research - This is a qualitative research method involving the systematic study of people in their natural environment. (this type of research takes time because kinanglan gid ka researcher nga mag tinir sa place ka iya respondents in order for the researcher to know what their lifestyle) Historical research - is the process of investigating and studying past events, people, and societies using a variety of sources and methods.(diri naman is gina base mo ang imo studies sa mga past event nga natabo, so dapat ang mga source mo nga gina pangkuhaan is reliable and also first hand) b) Quantitative research -research is a method of collecting and analyzing numerical data to understand patterns, relationships, or trends. It often involves surveys, experiments, or statistical analysis, allowing researchers to quantify behaviors, opinions, or phenomena and draw conclusions based on the data. Under Quantitative research are: Experimental research – it is a scientific approach using two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the difference of the second set. Correlational Research - A correlational research design investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating them. Causal comparative research is a non-experimental research design that identifies cause-and- effect relationships by comparing pre-existing groups (Gay, Mills, & Airasian, 2012). Survey research - Determine the characteristics of a group descriptive survey in writing by interview provides lots of information from large sample. C. General type of research Descriptive research - involves observing and detailing characteristics or behaviors of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, without altering or influencing it. - It focuses on providing a clear, accurate picture of the subject being studied. Associative research - A method of inquiry that explores the relationships between different concepts, ideas, or phenomena. Interventional research - A scientific approach that aims to understand the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve individual or societal outcomes. The use of Research in Validating Theories and Establishing Trends in Addressing Issues in mathematical education The Role of Research in Validating Theories Are concepts that explain how students learn most effectively. Example: Constructivist theory posits that students gain a deeper understanding of subjects like math when they actively construct their own knowledge rather than receiving information. Validating theories 1. Refining Existing theories Researchers can refine and modify existing theories to better account for the complexities if mathematics education. 2. Developing new theories Research can also contribute to the development of new theoretical framework. The Roles of Research in Establishing Trends in Addressing Issues in Mathematics Education A trend in education refers to a pattern or change in how subjects like mathematics are taught or learned over time.  Research plays a key role in improving math education by helping us understand and adapt to these changes over. Establishing Trends 1. Identifying Emerging Issues Research helps to identify emerging issues in mathematics education. For instance, studies might reveal concerns about equity gaps, the effectiveness of technology in the classroom, or the impact of standardized testing on student motivation. 2. Tracking Changes Over Time By conducting longitudinal studies, researchers can track changes in student performance, teaching practices, and educational policies over time. 3. Informing Policy and Practice The findings of research studies can inform the development of educational policies and practices. For example, evidence-based interventions can be implemented to address specific challenges in mathematics education, and policymakers can use research data to allocate resources effectively Identifying Research Phenomenon is an observable event, behavior, or occurrence that is the subject of study in a research investigation. It serves as the central focus for inquiry, aimed at understanding, explaining, or interpreting the underlying mechanisms, patterns, or relationships related to the phenomenon. To identify a research phenomenon, you might look for observable patterns, behaviors, or events that stand out and raise questions. Key characteristics of research phenomenon 1. Observable and Measurable Must be identifiable and capable of being studied through observation or measurement. 2. Relevance to Research Questions Should address or lead to insights related to specific research questions or problems. 3. Context-Specific The phenomenon is shaped by its environment Ethical values in Research 1) Social values - requires that human subject research should have both scientific and social merit. Otherwise, exposing individual subjects to the risks and harms of research that is not able to produce useful knowledge nor provide direct benefit to research subjects will be unjustifiable - It acts as a guiding principle for research that involves human participants - produce knowledge that positively impacts communities - Participants should be fully informed about the research - Researchers should include a diverse group - Researchers must clearly communicate their methods 2) Informed consent - is the process of telling potential research participants about the key elements of a research study and what their participation will involve. - Consent should be obtained before the participant enters the research. - Participants have the right to autonomy. - Researchers must disclose study details such as purpose, methodology, and risks, ensuring participants' understanding and voluntary participation Vulnerability of Participants - are those who may have limited capacity to protect their own interests or are at higher risk of harm, exploitation, or coercion in research. Key aspect of vulnerability 1. Power Imbalance Students may fear negative consequences like poor grades if they refuse to participate. 2. Minors and Children Require consent from parents/guardians and age-appropriate assent from the child. 3. Cognitive or Intellectual Disabilities Accessible communication is essential. 4. Socioeconomic and Cultural Vulnerabilities Cultural sensitivity is crucial to avoid exploitation or misunderstandings. 5. Emotional and Psychological Vulnerability Participants with trauma or emotional distress need careful handling. Support services like counseling should be available. 3) Risk and Benefits Risk 1. INVASION OF PRIVACY - participants' privacy may be compromised if personal or sensitive information is collected without proper measures to protect it. 2. HARM TO PARTICIPANTS - can cause psychological or physical harm, especially when exploring sensitive topics. 3. LACK OF INFORMED CONSENT - Participants must be fully informed about the research and its potential risk before giving consent. 4. BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY - Participants' identities and information should be kept confidential to protect their privacy. 5. BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION - Researchers' biases can skew the collection or interpretation of date, leading to inaccurate or harmful conclusions. Benefits 1. TRUST AND COLLABORATION - Ethical research practices build trust between the researchers and participants. 2. VALID AND RELIABLE FINDINGS - ensures data is collected and analysed ethically, leading to more valid and reliable findings. 3. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EQUITY - prioritize the well-being and rights of participants, promoting social justice and equity in education 4. TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY - practices promote transparency and accountability, ensuring research is conducted responsibly.  5. ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE - contributes to the advancement of knowledge in education, leading to improved teaching practices and students learning outcomes. 4) Privacy and Confidentiality are essential ethical considerations in any research involving information collected from human research participants. are important concepts related to how participants' personal information is handled. a. Confidentiality is about keeping data secure. (the information of the participant is not shared or disclosed to unauthorized individuals or groups). Maintaining confidentiality encourages participants to provide honest and complete responses, improving the quality and credibility of the research. b. Privacy participant's control over their personal information. (It is about the participant’s right to decide when and how much information they want to share.) Protecting privacy can enhance participants' willingness to engage, leading to richer, more reliable data. 5) Justice in Education Research Fair treatment and equal distribution of research benefits and burdens among participants. Avoids discrimination, exploitation, and unequal access to opportunities. Why does justice matter? Promotes equality in research. Ensures fair access to educational improvements. Prevents reinforcing existing disparities in education. 6) Transparency in Educational Research It ensures that others can clearly understand, trust, and verify the results of the study. 7) Qualification of the researcher Persons engaged in research involving human participants shall have moral fortitude, scientific competence, social awareness, cultural sensitivity, intellectual humility, vigilance, and preparedness in safety issues. The researcher shall be knowledgeable of the literature on the research topic. The researcher shall have the training, ability, and resources to conduct the proposed study. 8) Adequacy of facilities in research refers to the sufficiency and appropriateness of resources available for conducting studies, including physical spaces, equipment, and technological support. Key components of adequate facilities 1. Physical Infrastructure (Laboratories, classrooms, and meeting spaces. ) 2. Equipment ( Tools and technology necessary for research activities.) 3. Human Resources (Trained personnel to manage and utilize facilities effectively.)